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GEOGRAPHY PAPER

YEAR 2020

Paper-I (Section-A)

Q. 1

(a) Write a geographical note on Halloween storm.

(b) Why is mapping important for analyzing geo-hydrological investigations? Explain with relevant examples.

(d) Which factors influence the growth of wild plants in India? Discuss their economic significance.

(e) Discuss the problems associated with the living environment in million-plus cities in India. How can these be managed?

Q. 2

(a) Write an essay on the evolution of continents and oceans using various theories and models.

(b) Discuss the concept of coral bleaching, its recovery and microalgal regime shifts due to this process.

Q. 3

(a) Explain how various factors influence the origin and development of the Indian monsoon system.

(b) Explain the effects and causes of deforestation and its impact on the pattern of agriculture in India.

Q. 4

(a) Discuss the problems of erosional surfaces and explain the different methods to identify them with suitable diagrams.

(b) Land use/Land cover and soil types influence forage quantity and quality in semi-arid regions of the world. Discuss with relevant examples.

Paper-I (Section-B)

Q. 5

(a) Analyse India’s food security in the context of population growth.

(b) Identify the causes and effects of energy crisis, and suggest suitable measures to solve the problem.

(c) Distinguish between mobility and migration. What are the causes and consequences of rural to urban migration in India?

(d) “Where economic growth is sustained over long time periods, its incidence works towards a progressive integration of the space economy.” Elucidate.

(e) Write a note on the relevance of Von Thunen’s agricultural location theory in the present context.

Q. 6

(a) Compare and contrast the Malthusian and Neo-Malthusian perspectives in the context of population growth, resource use, and environmental impact.

(b) “Land degradation is a threat to productivity and sustainable resource management” Explain with suitable examples from India.

Q. 7

(a) Discuss the concept of urban resilience in the context of planning for sustainable development with reference to towns and cities of India.

(b) Analyse the dynamics of industrial location in the metropolitan cities of India.

Q. 8

(a) Discuss how and why Mackinder modified his concept of Pivot Area after the World Wars.

(b) Provide an account of world population transition in the context of fertility decline and socio-economic development.

(c) “Human ecology is the study of the mutual relationship of people and their environment both natural and social.” Discuss in detail using ecological concepts.

YEAR 2020

Paper-II (Section-A)

Q1.

(a) On the outline map of india provided to you,mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCR Booklet the significance the these locations whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/enviromental/culture, not more than 30 words for each entry :

1. Vadhawan

2. Salkhan

3. Coorg

4. Mhow

5. Umroi

6. Thoothukudi

7. Bargarh

8. Atal Tunnel .

9. Gurushikhar.

10. Bum La

(b) Climate change has unsettled the rhythm of seasons. Comment with examples and empirical evidence.

(d) Has the regional aspiration of the people of Jammu and Kashmir been addressed through re-organization of the state? Make an assessment.

Q2.

(a) Identifying areas covered under tribal sum-plan, discus the programmers initiated to address to their problems.

(b) Soil type in India, classified on the basis of colour, possess specific chemical and mineral characteristics. Discuss.

(c) The Pharmaceutical industry in india depend on the import of raw material. Evaluate this statement in viewe of the Indo-Chinese relationship.

Q3.

(a) India has opened-up its space to private sectors for satellite-based activities. Critically examine its implications indicating the major security concerns.

(b) Identify oilseeds producing areas in India and the dicusse the measure to promote edible oil industry.

Q4.

(a) Border are development is an important national priority. What are the resilient steps needed for peaceful borders?

(b) Stunting and wasting among children are major consequences of food in insecurity. Discuss various schemes of the Government of India to address insecurity. Address these problems and their achievements.

(c) The Essential Commodities (Amendment)Bill 2020 aims to deregulate the production, supply, and distribution of farm produce. Critically examine its spatial consequences.

Paper-II (Section-B)

Q5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

(a) The success of Panchayati Raj depends upon meaningful participation of people grassroots level. Examine.

(b) Elucidate the benefits of neem coated urea scheme for indian agriculture.

(d) The pattern of growing ecological foot-prints is uneven in nature. Analyze with reference to land resources in India.

(e) Identify challenges faced by generative and parasitic towns in India and their possible remedies.

Q6.

(a) Digital Divide in India needs quick redressal to reduce regional disparity in development. Elaborate with suitable examples.

(b) Awalanche is a major hazard in the Himalayas. What are its causes and mitigation measures?

(c) The process of demographic transition is not uniform in India. Examine this statement in the context of demographic transition theory.

Q7.

(a) Demarcating the seismic zones of India, suggest suitable interventions required the most sensitive seismic zones for sustainable human settlements.

(b) What are the characteristics of Blue Flag certified beaches? Discuss their significance for beach tourism in India.

(c) Urban sprawl around planned cities evolves leading to the emergence of squatter settlements. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such outgrowth.

Q8.

(a) Analyse the changing nature of workforce composition vis-à-vis rural-urban divide in India.

(b) Describe the economic, maritime and strategic interests of India in South China Sea.

YEAR 1979

PAPER- I

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and any four of the remaining questions, selecting two from Section A and any two from Section B. All questions carry equal marks.

1. On the map of India supplied to you, mark and name the following:

(a) The mean annual isohyets of 100cm.

(b) The regions of Regur (black cotton) soils.

(d) Four of the most vulnerable tracts of India likely to be inundated by cyclonic storms.

(e) Morvi, Marble falls, Chukha project, Kalpakkam, Sri Hari Kota and Thumba. OR

On the map of the World provided, name and mark the following:

(a) The International Dateline

(b) The horse latitudes

(d) The Durand line

(e) The Great Wall of China

(f) Diego Garcia

(g) Namibia

(h) Ruhr

(i) Kalgoorlie

(j) Benguela current

(k) The mid-Atlantic rise

(l) The Great Barrier reef of Australia

SECTION - A

2. What light does the study of earthquake, waves throw on the inner constitution of the earth?

3. Discuss the polar Front theory and examine how far it can be applied to explain the origin of tropical cyclones.

4. What factors control the density of ocean waters? Show how differences of surface density determine the movements of water (a) in the open ocean and (b) between the ocean and its partially enclosed seas.

5. “The land regulates the destinies of peoples with a blind brutality” (Ratzal). Discuss fully the arguments in favour and against this view.

6. “The 49^th parallel is a boundary without a frontier the Himalayas is a frontier without a boundary.” Discuss fully, bringing out the implications of this to the countries involved.

SECTION - B

7. Examine the aims and assets the achievements of Prince Henry and Navigator.

8. “The successful location of iron and steel plants is largely a matter of transportation costs, not merely of raw materials but also of finished products.” Discuss with illustrate examples.

9. “Till about 1700 A.D. the history of India, was to a large extent delimited by its Geography.” Analyse fully.

10. Describe the main racial characteristics and the cultural attainments of either the Todas or the Santhals.

11. “The distinction between ‘Wet-Zone’ and ‘Dry-Zone is fundamental in the agriculture of the Monsoon lands, resulting in typical crop combinations”. Discuss with respect to either India or China

PAPER-II-1979

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and any four of the remaining questions, selecting two from Section A and any two from Section B. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION - A

1. With the help of selected examples, explain the relative importance of raw materials, and markets in the location and development of cotton textile industry.

2. Explain the significance of diagnostic surveys for regional planning.

3. Give a critical assessment of the concept of rural -urban fringe. What criteria would you suggest to democrat the rural urban fringe of Indian cities?

4. “The direct effect of physical factors on the distribution of population tends to decline as civilization becomes more advanced. Discuss this statement.

5. Calculate the coefficient of correlation from the following data:

Average Rainfall in inches in different Districts 32 38 27 44 33 24

Density of Population per sq. mile 450 500 400 550 450 350

6. No aviator or navigator can do without the charts based on Mercator’s and Gnomonic projections in order to reach his destination covering the least possible distance. Justify this statement.

SECTION -B

7. Give the geographical factors which affect the distribution and density of population in India. Is India over-populated? Discuss the various measures for solving the population problem of India.

8. Account for the causes of soil erosion in India and discuss the method to control it.

9. Comment on the development of iron and steel industry in India since Independence and elucidate the future prospects of the Industry.

10. “A correct delineation and articulation of economic regions in geographic terms is an essential pre-requisite of economic development in developing country”. Justify this statement with reference to economic regionalization in India.

11. Do you consider that the agrarian problem lies at the root of all problems in India today? Support your answer with proper arguments.

12. Assess the importance of Damodar Valley project or any other multipurpose river valley project, in the economy of the region.

YEAR 1980

PAPER-I

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and any four of the remaining questions, selecting two from Section A and any two from Section B. All questions carry equal marks.

1. On the outline map of India supplied, mark and name the following:

(a) The regions with the highest variability of rainfall (more than 15%) from year to year;

(b) The regions of rubber and tea cultivation;

(d) Mahabaleshwar, Pachmarhi, Darjeeling, Kodai-kanal, Nainital, Simla;

(e) Thalghat, Khandwa gap, Palghat, Banihal Pass, Aksai Chin and Bhorghat.

On the outline map of the World provided, mark and name the following:

(a) The zero degree Celsius (Centigrade) (32°F) surface isotherm for the month of January.

(b) The mean annual thermal equator,

(d) Zimbabwe

(e) Kuro Siwo

(f) St. Gotthard Pass,

(g) The Soo Canal,

(h) Bosporus,

(i) The Trans-Siberian rail-route, with three important stations, on route.

(j) The Wuhan conurbation,

(k) Murray-Darling Basin and (l) Bogota.

SECTION A

2. State, in detail, and appraise fully the arguments in favour of and against the theory of Continental Drift.

3. Discuss the complete mechanism by means of which the atmosphere is able to maintain its heat-balance. Is the atmosphere getting progressively hotter, and if so, why?

4. Describe and account for the surface currents of the Indian Ocean and explain how and why they differ from those of the Atlantic.

5. Discuss the scope of human Geography.

6. Is it true to say that Machinder’s “Citadel of land power” stands mightier than ever, even at the present day?

SECTION B

7. What were the significant geographical ideas of the Arabs of the 10^th and 12^thcenturies? How did they differ from those of their Christian contemporaries?

8. Analyse the factors of localization of the Iron and Steel industry with special reference to India. Suggest an ideal location for this industry in India and make a comparative assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of Visakapatnam and Salem steel plants.

9. “The gates of India have become water gates and the way to India, the way of the sea.” (Sir Thomas Holdich). Analyse the role of geographical factors in controlling, through well defined gates, the entry into India of migrants, both in peace and in war, from the earliest times and assess their relative importance.

10. Discuss the basic geographical conditions, under which the pre-historic civilization of Indus Valley flourished and describe the nature and structure of the pre-historic cities of the region.

11. Assess the nature of the “food problem” of India, both qualitatively and quantitatively at the present time. What practical suggestions can you offer towards its solutions?

PAPER-II SECTION A

1. “The economic development of a country depends as much on he stage of development of the people as on the able resources. Discuss this statement with examples.

2. Discuss with examples the factors of origin and growth of towns and cities.

3. What are the determinants of population growth? Discuss comparatively the trends population growth in the developed and the developing countries of the world, mentioning the socio-economic implications of these trends in each case.

4. Compare the nature of the two given distributions on the basis of their mean, median and coefficient of variation:

Monthly Wet Bulb Temperature (°F)

For Stations A and B

MONTHS

Stations J F M A M J J A S O N D

A 53 55 57 58 70 76 79 80 77 66 60 55

B 65 56 64 60 55 51 50 51 55 57 61 64

5. Compare the properties of Sinusoidal and Moll-weide’s projections. Make calculations for a graticule on Sinusoidal projections for an area extending from 30°N to 60°S and 1 5°W to 105°W on a scale of 1:50,000,000. The interval between the parallels and between the meridians is 15°.

SECTION B

6. Give a critical account of the recent changes in agriculture in India which have contributed to the agricultural development in general, and the green revolution in particular.

7. Asses the comparative geographical importance of the power resources in the development of industrial landscape of India.

8. “The density of population is, as it were, the synthesis of all geographical phenomena. “ Examine this statement with reference to the spatial patterns of population distribution and density in India.

9. Discuss the structure and evolution of the Himalayas.

10. Give an ideal geographical regionalization of India.

YEAR 1981

PAPER-I

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words, in you answer script, what you consider to be the most important aspects of each one of them:

(a) Bhadravathi

(b) Khandwa gap

(d) River Damodar

(e) MacMohan line

(f) Sivasamudram

(g) Sri Hari Kota

(h) Chukka project

(i) 100 cm (40") annual isohyets

(j) Barauni

On the map of the World provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words, in your answer script, what you consider to be the most important aspect of each one of them.

(a) The Sargasso Sea

(b) Bay of Fundy

(d) Pittsburg

(e) Monte Carlo

(f) Wyville Thomson ridge

(g) Jerusalem

(h) The region of olive cultivation

(i) The bell of the doldrums

(j) Taklamakan

2. Answer any three of the following, answer to each should be in about 200 words:

(a) Trans-humance

(b) Cold water coasts

(d) Goods

SECTION A

3. With particular reference to India, explain the origin of the “monsoon”. Describe and account for the World distribution of monsoon climates, bringing out the significant differences between each of them.

4. With suitable examples selected from different part of the World, discuss, in detail, the problems in using either language or religion as a criterion for boundary determinations.

5. Present the classification of Oceanic deposits and account for the origin, types and distribution of Pelagic deposits in the World Oceans.

SECTION B

6. Analyse the factors of localization of the cotton-textile industries, and assess how far their location has been influenced by the availability of indigenous raw materials and proximity to the markets.

7. “Over two thirds of the crop land of the United States is devoted to feed crops and only slightly over one-fifth to food crops.” Discuss the implications of the above statement. Explain with reasons why the conditions are totally different in India. 8. Discuss the major contributions of the following eminent geographers: (a) Sir Halford Mackinder (b) Sir Dudley Stamp

PAPER-II-SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following answer to each should be in about 200 words:

(i) Definition and Scope of Economic Geography

(ii) Central Business District

(iii) Demographic Transition

(iv) Significance of Projected Profiles

2. Examine the role of pull and push factors in the migration of population.

3. The annual total rainfall (in cm.) of a particular station of a period of 40 years is given below in sequential order:

97,103,86,100,98,96,99,88,96,95,85,92,105,100,91,102,100,98,101,107,103,104,98,11 5,95,100,112,94,102,113,96,106,83,104,87,98,101,95,111,104.

(a) Calculate the standard deviation.

(b) If the years are categorised according to the following scheme, determine the percentage of years” in each category:

Category Rainfall Amount

Exceptionally Drought Years (EDY) Less than M - 2

Moderately Drought Years (MDY) M - 2 to M -

Normal Rainy Years (NRY) M - 2 to M +

Moderately Rainy Years (MRY) M + to M + 2

Exceptionally Rainy Years (ERY) More than M + 2

4. Selecting suitable standard parallels, make necessary calculations for a graticule on Simple Conic Projection with two standard parallels for an area extending from 62°N to 78°N and 60°N to 80°E on a scale of 1:10,000,000. The interval between the parallels and between the meridians is 2°.

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following, answer to each should be in about 200 words:

(a) Major Soil Types of India

(b) Trend of Population Growth in India since 1901, and Significant Contributory Factors

(d) Bases of Geographical Regionalization of India.

6. Discuss the effect of relief and climate on the distribution of crops in India.

7. Make an assessment of the relative significance of renewable and non-renewable energy resources of India. What suggestions would you give for solving the energy-crisis in India?

8. Explain the various population problems of India and suggest as to how this large human-resource can be made useful in the economic development of the country.

YEAR 1982

PAPER-I

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words, in your answer-script what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) The Pir Punjal

(b) The Luni River

(d) The Bombay High

(e) Neyveli

(f) Gangtok

(g) 50 cm (20" annual isohyets)

(h) Black cotton soil region

(i) Areas affected by cyclones from the Bay of Bengal (j) Shortest air route from Varanasi to Bangalore

On the map of the World provided mark the following and write in not more ten words, in your answer-script what you consider to be the most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Elburze mountain

(b) The Dead Sea

(d) The Kiel Canal

(e) The Falkland Island

(f) Diego Garcia

(g) 80°F. Isotherm of July

(h) 100 cm (40") mean isohyets in winter (November to April)

(i) Nairobi

(j) The Kuroshio Current

2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200 words:

(a) Peneplain

(b) Indo-Pakistan border problem

(d) Air masses

SECTION A

3. Discuss the mountain building process in the world with a special reference to the origin of the Himalayas.

4. “In the northern part of the Indian ocean there is a complete reversal of currents between winter and summer as a result of the alternating monsoon winds.” Discuss.

5. “The position of United States in respect of power is almost impregnable at present and in future. The U.S.S.R. is well situated although less so than the Unites States.” Elucidate.

SECTION B

6. Discuss the factors of location of iron and steel industries in Great Britain with special reference to the shifts in their location after the World War II.

7. Discuss the contributions of either Paul Vidal De La Blache or W.M. Davis in advancement of our geographical knowledge.

8. Mention the types of farming commonly being practised in the tropics. Discuss their significance and the present position in the international market.

PAPER-II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Discuss with suitable examples the influence of environment on productive occupation in the world

(b) What is meant by Urban Functions? How are they different from Rural Functions?

(d) Is the Quantitative method in Geography a means to an end or the Geographic method itself? Discuss clearly bringing out the purpose of Geography.

2. What is regional survey? How does it lead to planning? Discuss with suitable examples.

3. Discuss the distribution pattern of population in India. State how geographic factors have influenced it.

4. Which projection will you choose for the drawing of a map of the world to indicate sea routes? Discuss its properties.

SECTION B

5. Answer any three questions of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Discuss the structure of the Peninsular India.

(b) Discuss the value of the Narbada Irrigation Project in economic development of Western India.

(d) Assess the iron ore resources of India.

6. Give a brief account of the Power Resources of India and indicate how far they are developed.

7. India’s budget is a gamble with the Monsoon. Elaborate the statement. How far does the variability of rainfall influence agriculture? What remedies have been effected? Divide India into its natural regions. State the basis which you have adopted.

YEAR 1983

PAPER-I

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Pre-Cambrian land mass

(b) Mikir hills

(d) 100 cm. (40") isohyte

(e) Largest mangrove forest area

(f) Coffee producing areas

(g) Anpara

(h) Bhilai

(i) Tarapur

(j) Shortest air route from Porbandar to Gauhati

On the map of World provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Carpathian mountains

(b) Great Salt Lake

(d) Canary islands

(e) Areas with 50 to 100 cm. annual rainfall

(f) Great Barrier Reef

(g) Bering Strait

(h) New York Metropolitan Region

(i) Seoul

(j) Trans-Siberian Railways with three important railway stations on it.

2. Write short notes on any three of the following; each answer should be in about 200 words:

(a) Polycyclic land mass

(b) Jet stream

(d) World energy crisis

SECTION A

3. ‘Landscape is the function of structure, process and stage.’ Discuss.

4. Divide world into major biotic regions giving the basis of your division.

5. Discuss different types of maribe resources and mention their possible utilization.

SECTION B

6. Write a critical essay on the quantitative revolution in Geography.

7. Briefly discuss the trend of urbanisation in the world since the beginning of the present century.

8. Discuss the food and nutrition problems of the world.

PAPER-II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following questions in about 200 words each:

(a) Examine the origin of the Deccan lavas and describe the scenery associated with it.

(b) Comment on the role of social forestry in the economy of India.

(d) Discuss the problems of livestock raising in India.

2. “There is a gulf between rainfall statistics and water availability.” Elucidate this statement with reference to the agricultural efficiency of any region in India.

3. Linguistic regions in India may have a cultural reality but no economic base. Examine this view illustrate your answer with suitable examples.

4. Discuss the factors which interact to limit the area within which a crop may be successfully grown commercially in India. Give examples to justify your arguments.

SECTION B

5. Comment on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) The inadequacy of transport is the major obstacle to the trade and production of India.

(b) Factors contributing to the growth of the urban fringe of either Calcutta or Bombay.

(d) The North Western Frontiers of India and the related political problem.

6. What are the factors influencing the localization of industry? Illustrate your answer with reference to the Iron and Steel industry of India.

7. Indian cities are lacking in layout and function. How far is this true and what historical and cultural factors are responsible for these features?

8. How far is it true to say that the Indian Ocean is actually and potentially a major focus of international relations and dispute?

YEAR 1984

PAPER-I

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) 80°E longitude

(b) Anamalai Hills

(d) The damodar

(e) Area receiving higher rainfall in winter

(f) Tropical wet evergreen forest area

(g) Bhakra Dam

(h) Air route from Port Bliar to Delhi

(i) Kohima

(j) Anklesvar

On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) 90°West longitude

(b) Atlas mountains

(d) Niagra falls

(e) Gulf of Bothania

(f) Bass strait

(g) Pampas

(h) Loss Angelss

(i) Air route from Colombo to Rio-de- Janeiro

(j) Zurich

2. Write short notes on any three of the following each answer should be in about 200 words:

(a) Karst land forms

(b) Marine resources

(d) Federalism

SECTION A

3. Discuss the mountain-building processes with suitable examples.

4. Discuss the concept of warm and cold fronts and the weather associated with them.

5. Discuss man’s role in creating ecological imbalances taking examples from a geographical region.

SECTION B

6. Critically examine the development of determinism and possibilism in Geography.

7. Discuss the petroleum resources of the Middle East and its impact on international politics.

8. Discuss the general distributional pattern of industrial development in the world and its associated problems.

PAPER-II

SECTION A

1. Write short notes (in about 200 words each) on any three of the following:

(a) Mountains as climatic barriers and their effect on the Indian Monsoons.

(b) Why do rivers flood? State the areas of occurrence of floods in India.

(d) Dairy Industry in India.

2. Discuss the problems of agricultural development in the arid and semi-arid regions of India.

3. Discuss the value of a quantitative analysis of crop combinations for an agricultural regionalization of India. Illustrate your answer from an area of which you have personal knowledge.

4. “The present economic policy of India represents an attempt to maintain a balance between a subsistence agricultural economy and a top-heavy industrial economy.” Critically examine the statement.

SECTION B

5. Write short notes (in about 200 words each) on any three of the following:

(a) Unity and diversity are both inherent in Federalism.

(b) The sea as a source of raw materials.

(d) Fertilizer industry of India.

6. Discuss the location of and the modern trends in, the cotton textile industry of India.

7. Discuss the impact of the development of electrical power in India on its industrialisation.

8. What contribution has the geographer to make to an understanding of the problems of land use in big cities?

YEAR 1985

PAPER-I

Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Rajasthan (Indira) Canal

(b) Mettur Dam

(d) Gandhinagar

(e) Areas receiving more than 200 cm of annual rainfall

(f) Palk Strait

(g) Paradip

(h) Tropic of Cancer

(i) Maikal Range

(j) Shortest rail route from Puri to New Delhi

On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Arctic Circle

(b) Cork

(d) Tagros Mountains

(e) Greenwich

(f) Hawaiian Island

(g) Hwang Ho

(h) Dogger Bank

(i) Aswan Dam (j) Cook Strait

2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200 words:

(a) Hydrological Cycle

(b) Ecosystem Concept

(d) Regional Concept in Geography

SECTION A

3. Discuss the character of the main types of force and earth movements, involved in the production of land forms.

4. Classify soils of the world and discuss the distribution and characteristics of each.

5. Discuss the sources and nature of various deposit found on the floor of the oceans.

SECTION B

6. Discuss the causes and consequences of major inter national migrations of the present time.

7. Discuss the concepts of heartland and rimland and examine their present day validity.

8. Mention different types of world agriculture and describe the areas and salient features of each type.

PAPER-II

Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks

SECTION A

1. Give brief answers to any three of the following questions in about 200 words each:

(a) Describe the physiographic characteristics of the Western Himalayas.

(b) To what extent has the high yielding variety programme helped agricultural development in India?

(c) Why has attention been given to the development of marine fisheries in India? Describe the efforts that have been directed for their development.

(d) Describe the impact of the rise in population density on economic development in India.

2. Attempt a division of India into climatic regions and described their characteristics and floral conditions.

3. Write an account of the growth and utilisation of irrigation potential in India with particular reference to canal irrigation.

4. Discuss the concept of land reform and indicate its importance for promoting agricultural development in India.

SECTION B

5. Write short notes in about 200 words each on any three of the following:

(a) Importance of road transport in India-Development under the Plans.

(b) Rural settlement patterns in the Ganga Valley.

(d) Problems of slums and urban development with particular reference to any metropolis in India.

6. Write an account of the raw materials, location, present situation and future prospects of the paper industry in India.

7. Discuss the regional disparities in the growth of manufacturing industries in India. Suggest remedies.

8. Discuss the quality distribution and utilisation of coal in India.

YEAR 1986

PAPER-I

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what your consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) 821/2° E meridian

(b) Siwalik Hills

(d) Mizoram

(e) Chandigarh

(f) Faraka Dam

(g) HBJ pipeline

(h) Kanya Kumari

(i) Mahanadi

(j) Dodabetta

On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Mauritius

(b) Nile

(d) Pamir

(e) Jura Mountains

(f) The Hague

(g) Niagara Falls

(h) 180° meridian

(i) Namibia

(j) Canberra

2. Write short notes on any three of the following, each answer should be in about 200 words:

(a) World’s biotic regions

(b) Pelagic deposits

(d) Diffusion of innovation

SECTION A

3. Discuss the views of W.M. Davis and Walter Penck on the cycle of erosion.

4. Compare the basis of the climatic classification of Koppen with that of Thornthwaite’s classification.

5. Give an account of marine resources and discuss their present day utilization.

SECTION B

6. What is meant by quantitative revolution in Geography? Discuss its impact on the development of the subject.

7. Define the urban sphere of influences and discuss different methods of determining the spheres of influence of cities.

8. Discuss the genetic classification of international boundaries. How does it differ from the morphological classification?

PAPER-II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following questions (in about 200 words each):

(a) The drainage systems of the two regions. Peninsular and extra-Peninsular India are very different in their character. What are these difference and way?

(b) Discuss the environmental problems regarding industrial pollution in India.

(d) Describe the programmes for management and development of forests in India under the National Forest Policy. Mention briefly the roles of other institutions in the development of forestry in the country.

2. Describe the problems of production and distribution of food crops in India from the regional point of view.

3. Discuss the geographical bases for rural industrialization for rural development.

4. Give an account of the infrastructural factors necessary for promoting agricultural development in the dry zones of India with specific examples.

SECTION B

5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:

(a) Development of Railway transport in India during different plan periods.

(b) Functional and hierarchical patterns of Indian cities.

(d) Regional Planning in India.

6. Discuss the location, present situation and future prospects of the jute industry in India.

7. What is an industrial complex? Describe the growth, problems and prospects of any major industrial complex in India.

8. Examine the geographical bases for growth of regional consciousness and regionalism during last three decades in India.

YEAR 1987

PAPER-I

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer book, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Kodaikanal

(b) Bhubaneshwar

(d) Aravalli Hills

(e) Arunachal Pradesh

(f) Hirakund Dam

(g) Shipki Pass

(h) Sriharikota

(i) Bharatpur

(j) Digboi

On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Appalachian Mountains

(b) Fiji Islands

(d) Vienna

(e) Zimbabwe

(f) Nicaragua

(g) Gobi Desert

(h) Mekong

(i) Patagonia

(j) Palk Strait

2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200 words:

(a) Characteristics of monsoon forests

(b) Systems approach in Geography

(d) Theories of agricultural location.

SECTION A

3. Give a reasoned account of the contents of the Atlantic Ocean and their impact on the climatic conditions of the coastal regions.

4. Discuss critically the characteristics of tropical cyclones and analyse the extent to which they differ from the temperate cyclones.

5. Discuss the evolution and characteristics of the land forms of graciated regions.

SECTION B

6. Give an account of the existing distributional pattern of population in the world and give your assessment regarding the importance of geographical factors for such a pattern.

7. Examine the various theories concerning the internal structure of cities and discuss how far they are applicable to Indian cities.

8. Give an account of the pattern of international trade and examine the linkages between resource endowed regions and resource utilizing regions.

PAPER-II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following question (in about 200 words each):

(a) Give the salient features of the Aravallis is with respect to geologic structure, relief and impact on human settlements.

(b) Discuss the ecological problems associated with the use of river water resources in India.

(d) Indicate the criteria of identification, demarcate the industrially backward areas of India and enumerate the main hurdles in their development.

2. Analyse the mechanism of Indian Monsoon. How are the spatial temporal variations and vicissitudes in precipitation related to this mechanism?

3. Discuss the population problem of India in regional perspective and make specific suggestions for tackling the problem with respect to the broad population regions.

4. Outline the agricultural regions of India indicating the bases of regionalization. Bri ng out the factors responsible for the emergence of different crop combination in different regions.

SECTION B

5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:

(a) Functional and Morphological Typology of Indian cities

(b) Agro-based Industries of India

(d) Geopolitical significance of Industrial Policy in Indian Ocean

6. Trace the evolution of Industrial Policy in India and bring on its impact on industrial development of the country.

7. Discuss the significance, traffic flow pattern, emerging trends and problems of road transport in India.

8. Analyse the causes and consequences of regional disparity in the economic development of India and outline measures to reduce disparity.

YEAR 1988

PAPER-I

Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions, selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Cherrapaunji

(b) Pondicherry

(d) Gulmarg

(e) Manga ore

(f) Bomdila

(g) Tapi (Tapti)

(h) Gulf of Kutch

(i) Anklksvar

(j) Rameshwaram

On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Pyrenees

(b) Cyprus

(d) Seoul

(e) Kampuchea

(f) Falkland Islands

(g) Kalahari

(h) Volga

(i) Kilimanjaro

(j) Geneva

2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200 words:

(a) Environmental Determinism

(b) Coral reets

(d) Karst landforms

SECTION A

3. Attempt a classification of air masses and give the characteristic features and associated weather conditions of each class.

4. Discuss, in detail, man’s impact on ecosystem as a result of the modern technological advancement.

5. Critically analyse the concept of plate tectonics and bring out the evidences to support it.

SECTION B

6. Give a critical account of the cultural evolution of man. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.

7. Analyse Christaller’s Central Place Theory and the modifications introduced in it and examine its relevance in the present day context.

8. Discuss the various sources of energy and their uses. Suggest the measures to overcome the present day energy crisis.

PAPER-II

Candidates should attempt 5 questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each Section. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following question (in about 200 words each):

(a) Bring out the role of irrigation in rural development of India.

(b) Give the geographical cases of unity and diversity in India

(d) Evaluate the Koppen’s scheme of climatic regionalization of India.

2. Explain the salient features of the structure, relief and drainage of the Himalayas.

3. Analyse the ecological significance of forests in different regions of India indicating the impact of rapid deforestation.

4. Analyse the relationship between cropping intensity and agricultural productivity and throw light on the measures of increasing the cropping intensity in India. SECTION B

5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:

(a) Location and growth of Fertilizer Industry in India.

(b) Characteristics of Rural-Urban Fringe in India.

(d) The Sino-Indian Boundary.

6. Discuss the process, pattern and impact of urbanisation in India.

7. Differentiate between River Basin and Command Area. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of River Basins as planning regions in India. Give concrete examples.

8. Demarcate the major industrial regions of India and analyse the structure and contribution to the national economy of any one of them.

YEAR 1989

PAPER-I

Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 2 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions, selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Paradeep

(b) Karaikal

(d) Baramula

(e) Pachmari

(f) Gulf of Mannar

(g) Damodar River Valley

(h) Sindri

(i) Chilka Lake

(j) Bandipur

On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Irrawady River

(b) Nevada Desert

(d) Libya

(e) Tel Aviv

(f) Honduras

(g) Urals

(h) Gulf of Mexico

(i) Patagonia

(j) The Vatican city

2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200 words:

(a) Rejuvenated landforms

(b) Ocean bottom relief

(d) Classification of cities

SECTION A

3. Explain the origin, characteristics and distribution of temperate cyclones.

4. Divide the world into major biotic regions and explain the basis of your division.

5. Examine the causes of ecological imbalances and briefly explain the measures taken to rectify them.

SECTION B

6. Write an essay on the contribution of European geographers to the development of geographic thought.

7. Discuss in detail the Heartland concept of Mackinder and the criticism it has attracted in recent years.

8. Review in detail the various theories of the location of industries.

PAPER-II SECTION A

Candidates should attempt Q. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks

1. Answer any three of the following questions in about 200 words each:

(a) Explain the causes of soil erosion occurring over extensive areas in certain parts of India. What measures would you suggest for solving this problem?

(b) Discuss the problems of the tribal areas and suggest measures for solving them.

(d) Analyse the spatial patterns of the utilization of ground water for tube-well irrigation in different parts of India.

2. Give an outline of the geological history of the Peninsular India and in its terms. Explain the salient features of the relief of the areas.

3. Analyse the recent trends in the growth and density of population of India and evaluate the socio-economic and environmental problems generated by them.

4. Formulate a suitable agricultural land-use policy that will achieve the twin goals of optimum agricultural efficiency and crop productivity.

SECTION B

5. Write short notes, in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:

(a) Decentralization of industries for achieving regional balance in economic growth

(b) Significance of inland waterways in the development of transportation and trade

(d) Regional consciousness and national integration

6. Attempt a spatial analysis of the development of minerals based industries in relation to mineral resource potentialities and their exploitation in different states of India.

7. Discuss the recent trends in urbanisation in India and briefly describe the main characteristics and problems of the major Indian cities.

8. Analyse the prevailing patterns of regional disparities in the socio-economic development of India and evaluate the role of the five-year plans in reducing them.

YEAR 1990

PAPER-I

1. On the map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) Sardar Sarovar

(b) Mandapam

(d) Hassan

(e) Gulf of Cambay

(f) Poonch

(g) Mount Abu

(h) Willington Island

(i) Dibrugarh

(j) Raniganj

On the map of the world provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer script, what you consider to be most important aspect of each one of them:

(a) The Carpathians

(b) Rhone River

(d) Luxembourg

(e) Dead Sea

(f) Lake Victoria

(g) Niagra Waterfalls

(h) Christ Church

(i) Kalgoorlie

(j) Prairies

2. Write short notes on any three of the following. Each answer should be in about 200 words:

(a) Plate tectonics

(b) Land capability

(d) Quantitative and behavioural revolutions in Geography

SECTION A

3. Analyse the differences in the models of slope evolution proposed by Davis and Penk.

4. Explain the basic criteria used in Thornthwaite’s 1948 classification of climates.

5. Discuss the theories of the formation of coral reefs proposed by Daly, Darwin and Davis.

SECTION B

6. Examine the causes of the international migrations of the last 50 years or so and the socio-economic and political problems generated by them.

7. Enumerate the different models of the internal structure of cities. Choose one of them and discuss it in its application to a particular city.

8. Give an account of the spatial pattern of world food production and analyse the related problems of malnutrition and malnutrition diseases.

PAPER-II

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) What is the significance of land capability classification in land use planning? Explain the method of long capability classification adopted by the All India land use and soil survey organisation.

(b) Critically examine the political consequences of the regionalization of our country on the basis of language.

(d) Discuss the spatial variation in the developmental levels of canal irrigation in India in relation to the physical setting.

2. Explain some of the important theories of the origin of the South-West monsoon in India. Evaluate the impact of its characteristics with occurrence of floods and droughts in different parts of our country.

3. Assess the fossil fuel reserves of India in terms of current and future demands for energy. Examine the present and future and prospects of their utilization.

4. Analyse critically whether the existing cropping in different parts of India would need any change for better agriculture performance in future.

SECTION B

5. Write short notes in about 200 words each, on any three of the following:

(a) Location and development of cement industry

(b) Function, Classification and hierarchy of urban settlements

(d) The international boundary of India and related issues

6. Evaluate the contribution of the major ports of India to its international trade.

7. Construct a spatial pattern of industrial development in our country. Identify the industrially back ward areas and asses their potentialities for future development.

8. What is meant by integrated rural development planning? What are its components? What has been the extent of its success in relation to its objectives.

PAPER I PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

(i) Geomorphology

1991: Analyses the sequential development of landforms in either Karst or Coastal region.

1992: Discuss, with examples, the influence of vulcanism and diastrophism on the evolution of landscape.

1993: Explain the factors causing rejuvenation in landscape and describe the resultant landform.

1994: Discuss the concept of cycle of erosion and bring out clearly the difference between the views of Davis and Penck.

1995: Discuss the limitations of the theory of Continental Drift and show how the theory of Plate Tectonics is an improvement over it.

1996: Discuss the processes of mechanical and chemical weathering and show their relationship with soil formation.

1997: Discuss the concept of polycyclic landforms and present an analytical study of the polycyclic landforms of a selected region.

1998: Discuss the concept of volcanicity and show how the theory of Plate Tectonics explains the mechanism of volcanism and volcanic eruptions.

1999: Bring out the distinctions between the ‘continental drift’ theory and the ‘plate tectonics’ theory.

2000: With reference to the theory of plate tectonics, explain the origin and growth of young fold mountain

2001: Present a critical analysis of the theory of isostasy.

2002: Provide a critique of the ‘geographical cycle’ model, propounded by Davis.

2003: Explain the sequential development of landforms associated with the coastal areas.

2004: Describe the landforms which are products of endogenetic forces.

2005: “ Structure is a dominant control factor in the evolution of Landforms” Discuss with suitable examples.

2006: Critically evaluate the continental drift hypothesis of A.Wegener.

2007: Define the concept of isostasy and discuss the postulations of Airy and Pratt.

2008: Critically examine the concept of geomorphic cycle and discuss the views of W.M.Davis and W.Penck.

2009: Highlight the geomorphic features essentially found in topographies under the Second Cycle of Erosion.

2009: Discuss views on slope development provided by L.C.King.

2010: Karst Topography ( Short Notes)

2010: Bring out the relevance of seismic study in determining the structure of earth’s interiors.

2010: Weathering is a complex phenomenon involving a number of the process and is influenced by various factors.

2011: Name the climatically controlled agents of erosion. Explain how they differ in terms of properties of matter. Compare thew landforms produced by each one of them

2011: Explain the concept of Isostasy as postulated by Airy and Pratt.

2012: Palaeozoic glacial evidence for Continental Drift.

2012: Systems approach to landforms analysis.

2012: Explain how Bosche and Haldenhang lead to the Theory of Slope Replacement.

2012: Characteristics of the standard epigene cycle of erosion.

2012: Programmes initiated by the International Council of Science on Earth System Studies.

2013: Differences between Normal cycle and Arid cycle of Davis.

2013: What is ‘Base level’? Explain the types of base level.

2014: Define the term ‘meander’ and describe the basic characteristics of entrenched meander and in grown meander.

2014: State the concept of plate tectonics. How does it help in explaining the formation of the Himalayas and Appalachian Mountains?

2014: Explain weathering and mass wasting, and describe their geomorphic significance.

2015: Attempt a classification of geomorphic processes from the zonal point of view.

2015: Discuss the contributions of the American School of Subaerial Denudation in geomorphology.

2015: Explain with examples as to how channel dynamics has been responsible for the development of alluvial fans and cones.

2015: “Present-day landforms bear more complexity than simplicity.” Elucidate.

2016: Describe the “Basket of eggs topography”.

2016: “In explaining the concept of ‘Pediplanation’, King combined the ideas of Davis, Penck and Wood with his own.” Elaborate.

2016: “Geological structure has a dominant control on landforms and is reflected on them.” Discuss.

2017: Write a note on pseudo volcanic features.

2017: “The knowledge of slope analysis has limited field application in the slope management”. Explain.

2017: Discuss the concept of Periglacial cycle as propounded by Peltier.

2017: “Climate, slope gradient and rock structure influence the avulsion of channels”. Explain.

2018: “Landscape is a function of structure, process and stage.” Critique the statement.

2018: Evaluate how far Kober’s geosynclinals theory explains the mountain building process.

2019: Describe phreatic eruptions and their consequences.

2019: How are sandspits and tombolos formed?

2019: Compare and contrast different types of plate boundaries.

2019: Discuss the methods of measuring the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes. How are seismic zones demarcated?

2019: The impact of floods on life and property can be most effectively reduced by hazard mapping. Comment.

(ii) Climatology

1991: Explain the origin, distribution and characteristics of tropical cyclones.

1992: Discuss the origin, movements and characteristics of air masses and explain their role in influencing world climates.

1994: Explain the basis of Koppen’s classification of climates. Also mention its merits and limitations.

1995: Explain and illustrate the life-cycle of a temperate cyclone and also describe the weather associated with it.

1996: Examine critically the drawbacks of Koppen’s Classification of climates. Explain how Thornthwaite attempted to overcome Koppen’s limitations.

1997: Define air masses. How do they originate? Classify them and state the characteristics of any one type.

1998: Discuss the nature and composition of earth’s atmosphere.

1999: Make a comparative study of the tropical and temperate cyclones.

2000: Discuss the distribution of precipitation in the world.

2001: Discuss the concept of air masses and present their classification.

2002: Discuss the criteria which Thornthwaite adopted in his 1948 classification of world climates.

2003: Discuss the mechanism and significance of tricellular meridional circulation of atmosphere.

2005: Discuss the main features of the climatic classification system evolved by Koppen. Also point out its anomalies.

2006: Compare the structure and associated weather conditions of tropical cyclone with that of temperate cyclone

2007: Discuss the development of local winds, and their influence on local weather, giving three examples of the well-known local winds in the world.

2008: Discuss the mechanism and origin of Monsoon winds and explain the role of El Nino on Monsoon circulation.

2009: How does Climate Change affect urban areas ?

2010: Inversion of temperature

2010: What is polar front and How does cyclone develop along this front ? Describe the weather conditions associated with it.

2010: Examine the various kinds of atmospheric humidity and their associated forms.

2011: Give an account of global distribution of precipitation.

2011: “Contemporary global climate change is an anthropogenic phenomenon.’’ Discuss

2012: Compare and contrast tropical cyclone and temperate cyclone.

2012: Classify airmass and explain how ‘ cP ‘ airmass affects global climate.

2012: Impact of Cryosphere on global climate.

2013: Differentiate Storm Surges and Seiches.

2013: With suitable examples, bring out the impact of local winds on the climate of an area.

2013: Discuss Dew point and the various forms of condensation.

2014: Discuss the salient features of ‘sirocco’ and ‘mistral’.

2014: Describe the origin and development of thunderstorms with examples.

2014: Discuss the nature and origin of Indian monsoon and recent techniques of its prediction

2015: Discuss as to how frontogenesis contributes to weather instability.

2015: What is Potential Evapotranspiration? Explain how it is used in assessing the water balance in an area.

2015: Discuss the basis of Koppen’s climatic classification. Bring out the salient characteristics of ‘Cs’ type of climate.

2015: Explain the meridional circulation of the atmosphere and its importance in world climate.

2016: Differentiate between insolation and temperature and explain anomalous temperature.

2016: Compare the origin and weather conditions associated with the tropical and temperate cyclones.

2017: Discuss the impacts of ocean currents on air mass behaviour.

2017: Discuss the forces which govern the air movement on the Earth’s surface.

2018: Explain the role of evaporation in the hydrologic cycle.

2018: Critically examine the basis and scheme of climatic classification proposed by G.T. Trewartha.

2018: Explain the origin, progress and retreat of the Indian monsoon and discuss its impact on the Indian economy.

2019: Explain the techniques to calculate potential evapotranspiration suggested by Thornthwaite.

2019: Explain the nature of urban climates and their impact on global environmental change.

2019: Discuss in detail the tri-cellular model of atmospheric circulation.

(iii) Oceanography

1991: Draw a hypsographic curve to represent the major physiographic units of the ocean and comment on their permanently.

1993: Give a reasoned account of the distribution of salinity in the oceans and partially enclosed seas.

1996: Explain the illustrate the ocean floor topography and give a detailed account of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

1997: Examine critically the theories of the formation of coral reefs and atolls.

1998: Explain and illustrate the submarine relief of the Atlantic Ocean

2003: Present a concise account of bottom relief of the Indian Ocean.

2004: Discuss the mid-Atlantic Ridge in terms of its origin extent and relief.

2007: Discuss the different bases for classifying the ocean deposits and give a detailed account of pelagic deposits of the oceans.

2008: Describe the ideal conditions for coral reef formation and discuss the glacial control theory of coral reef formation.

2009: Examine economic significance of the resources of the Continental shelf of the Indian Ocean.

2009: Comment on marine heat budget and the oceanic circulation system.

2010: Ocean Deposits

2010: Methods (Scientifically sound )of bathymetry and account of bottom topography of Atlantic ocean

2011: “Temperature, salinity and density differences in ocean water are the prime causes of ocean water circulation.’’ Elaborate.

2012: Different layers of ocean water above abyssal plain.

2012: ‘Atolls present the most challenging explanation in the evolution of coral reefs’. Discuss.

2013: “Offshore Acoustic Study helped the development of the concept of sea floor spreading.” Explain.

2013: Compare the Subsidence and Glacial control theories on the formation of coral reefs.

2013: Analyse the reasons for a comparatively poorer development of fishing grounds in tropical areas.

2014: Illustrate the origin and nature of Sargasso Sea and Lagoon.

2014: Give an account of recent observations on coral bleaching with reference to Clive Wilkinson’s Report.

2015: Describe the characteristics of different types of pelagic deposits.

2016: Discuss Maritime Zones.

2016: “The relationship between the winds and the currents is best seen in the Indian Ocean.” Justify.

2016: Bring out the various ecological problems associated with the exploitation and use of oceans and their resources.

2017: Distinguish between low energy coasts and coral coasts.

2017: Describe the configuration of the Pacific Ocean floor.

2018: Describe the causes and consequences of sea level changes.

2018: Describe the potential marine energy resources with reference to their benefits, harvestibility and environmental impacts.

2019: How are ocean waves formed? Distinguish between a wave of oscillation and a wave of translation.

(iv) Biogeography

1992: Present a classification of the soils of the world and give their economic significance.

1993: Define ecosystem and describe briefly its various components. Also discuss how and to what extent the modern man has affected the various types of ecosystems.

1994: Indicate the major biotic regions of the world and discuss the ecological aspects of the monsoon region.

1995: ‘Man must realize the importance of maximizing agricultural production without

destroying the ecological basis on which our entire food production system rests.’ Explain with examples.

1999: Discuss the relevance of ‘watershed’, as an ecosystem for the purpose of sustainable development.

2001: Discuss the concept , components and functioning of an ecosystem.

2002: Write in detail on the concept of biosphere as an ecosystem.

2009: Give a brief account of the principal land biomes and their latitudinal distribution.

2010: Floristic kingdoms based ontheir global distribution (Short Notes)

2010: Account of the structure of ecosystem and describe its functional aspect.

2011: Define the term biome. List the terrestrial biomes and describe the characteristics of Savanna biome.

2012: Major components of IGBP.

2012: Adaptation and distribution of animals in the Ethiopian realm.

2013: Uniqueness of fauna in the Notogean realm.

2013: Bring out the relationship between climate and vegetation in the Mountain Biome.

2014: Give an account of the nature of biosphere as an ecosystem.

2014: State the uniqueness of the Eurasian Steppe Biome.

2014: Define zoogeographic region. Also describe the basic faunal makeup of the Neo-Arctic zoogeographic region.

2015: Explain the characteristics of ecological succession.

2015: Classify soils based on their zonal distribution and describe the characteristics of

pedocals.

2015: Explain the different stages of ecological adaptation of man and bring out the changing balance between man and environment.

2016: Bring out the ecological significance of Tropical Rainforest Biome.

2016: Describe Newbigin’s scheme of Floristic regions of the world and explain the Mediterranean Floristic region.

2017: Distinguish between the characteristics of Chernozem and Sierozem soils.

2017: Give a classification of plants based on the amount of water requirement.

2018: Distinguish between intrazonal and azonal soils. Describe in brief the characteristics and importance of azonal soils.

2018: Discuss the causes of degradation of tropical rainforests and suggest remedial measures for their prevention, conservation and development.

2019: Amensalism is a biotic factor that determines the geographic limits of species. Explain

2019: Why is it necessary to conserve genetic diversity of species? Do protected areas serve any useful purpose in this context?

2019: How are soil acidity and alkalinity related to soil fertility?

(v) Environmental Geography

2002: Write an essay on ‘sustainable development’ from the perspective of geography.

2004: How would the impact of global warming differ from one part of the earth to another Give a reasoned account.

2005: Bring out the major problems of environmental pollution at global scale and suggest measures to check it.

2006: Discuss the global ecological imblances and their managements.

2009: Explain factors contributing to the Global Climate Change.

2012: Discuss how different types of mining lead to different types of environmental problem.

2013: Impact of Pleistocene Ice Age on the crust of the Earth.

2013: Types of endemic plants and their degree of vulnerability to extinction.

2013: What are the characteristics that make CHC a serious threat to the ecosystem? Give examples.

2013: Explain the levels of Noise pollution and the legislative measures to control it.

2013: “Urban Solid Waste Management poses the greatest challenge in Metropolitan

planning.” Elaborate.

2014: Enumerate the major causes of increasing degradation of environment in hills and hillslopes, and state its down-valley impact.

2014: Give a critical account of reasons and consequences of marine pollution.

2015: Comment on the impact of environmental education on quality of life.

2015: Discuss the methods of conserving biodiversity for sustainable development.

2015: “Man-induced famines are becoming more common than nature-induced ones.” Comment.

2016: Explain the hydro-meteorological hazards in the Himalayas.

2016: Give a reasoned account on how the impact of Global Warming differs from one part of the Earth to the other.

2016: Discuss the significance of World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and its core projects in the understanding of climatic change.

2016: Write a critical note on the tendency of “use and throw” in the context of economic status and environment.

2017: Describe the characteristics of biological deserts.

2017: Explain the concept of micro carbon sink and its relevance.

2017: “Climate change is a reality”. Explain with suitable e examples.

2017: Discuss the Perception, Attitude, Value and Emotion (PAVE) Theory of environmental management.

2018: Explain the natural and anthropogenic causes and mitigation measures of frequent flooding in Mumbai.

2018: Discuss the objectives and principles of environmental education. Describe the basic concerns of formal and non-formal environmental education in India.

2018: ‘Geomorphological changes are largely responsible for environmental hazards in the Himalayan region.” Comment with relevant examples.

2018: “Controlling population growth is the sustainable solution to environmental problems.” Express your views with suitable arguments.

2018: Explain the ecosystem approach to environmental management and highlight its advantages and disadvantages.

2019: How do mountaineers constitute a threat to Mount Everest?

2019: “The web of life is seamless and the consequences of disruption to one part of the

ecosystem ripple throughout the whole.” Elaborate.

SECTION - B HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

(i) Perspectives in Human Geography

1991: Explain the major contribution by Arab geographers of the early medieval period in the development of geographic thought.

1992: Give a comparative assessment of the works of Humboldt and Ritter leading to the foundation of modern geographical thought.

1994: Examine critically the concepts of ‘determinism; and possibilism. Bring out the significance of regional concept.

1995: Discuss the contributions of Al Biruni towards the development of geographical knowledge.

1996: “The emergence of Behavioural Geography was due to the disillusionment with anxioms on which models were based and the axioms were far removed from reality”. Comment.

1997: Critically examine the concept of dualism with special reference to physical versus human geography.

1998: What is understood by quantification in Geography? Discuss the significance of quantification in modern geographical studies with examples.

1999: Describe the sequence of major paradigm shifts in geographic thought during the twentieth century.

2001: Discuss the concept and application of systems analysis in human geography.

2003: Present a critical analysis of human and welfare approaches in Human Geography.

2004: Distinguish between radical and welfare approaches in geographic studies.

2009: ‘Quantitative Revolution and model building provided an empirical basis for geographical research’ - Elaborate.

2009: Provide a broad classification of world cultural regions. 2010: Critically examine the method of deriving Human development index.

2010: Critically examine the changing perspective of the concept of areal differences.

2011: Welfare Approach in Human Geography.

2011: Discuss the impact of positivism in paradigm shift in Geography.

2013: “Ellen Churchill Semple is an ardent supporter of Determinism.”

2013: Explain the parameters for assessment and the spatial pattern of Human Development Indexin the world.

2014: Elaborate the concept of mental map.

2014: Critically analyze application of models in Geography.

2014: Discuss the contribution of geographers in the development of radical geography.

2014: Giving suitable examples, describe the importance of system analysis in

geographical studies.

2015: “The welfare face of geography makes it an inter- disciplinary subject.” Elaborate.

2015: “Regional synthesis is the crux of geographical studies.” Elaborate

2015: Cultural regions are the most suited units to study the diversity of an area”. Comment.

2015: Discuss the approaches to the study of behavioural geography

2015: “There is a rejuvenation of environmentalism as a paradigm in geographical

studies.” Comment.

2016: “Areal differentiation forms the core theme in Geography.” Explain.

2016: Trace the origin and progress of Quantitative Revolution in Geography and bring out its merits and demerits.

2016: Discuss the relevance of ‘Stop and Go Determinism’ in the present day context.

2017: Explain the concept of Time Geography.

2017: Discuss the contemporary paradigms of Geography.

2017: “The intensity of energy crisis varies regionally”. Explain.

2017: Examine the causes and consequences of forced migration of population in the present context.

2017: Define the quality of life and explain its parameters with adequate examples.

2018: “Geography is a contested and multiparadigmic discipline with a strong eurocentricity that has only recently been challenged.” Comment.(SN)

2018: “Areal differentiation has provided the theoretical justification of studying

‘regions’ and ‘regional geography’.” Comment.

2018: Comment upon the contributions of D.M. Smith in outlining ‘welfare’ as a key focus in the geographies of social well-being.

2018: Provide a brief outline of ideas related to ‘sense of place’ as propounded by Yi-Fu Tuan and Relph in the humanistic geography that emerged in the 1970’s.

2018: Elaborate upon the influence of Marxist philosophy on geographical research, outlining key themes addressed by Marxist geographers since the 1970’s.

2018: “Welfare geography emphasizes spatial inequality and territorial justice.”

Comment with reference to the main ideas and scope of the subfield.

2018: Discuss critically the manner in which quantitative revolution provided the

methodological foundation for models and modeling in geography.

2019: “A language originates at a particular place and diffuses to other locations through the migration of its speakers.” Examine this statement in the context of language hot spots and endangered language hot spots.

2019: Discuss the genetic classification of boundaries suggested by Hartshorne

2019: HDI has brought a paradigm shift in the way people think about the development process. Critically examine the inherent limitations of HDI.

(ii) Economic Geography

1991: Examine the world patterns of industrial development and explain the problems of industrial development at national levels.

1993: Give an account of the agricultural typology of the world as presented by Whittlesey and critically examine the parameters used in its delineation.

1996: Examine the bases of classification of agricultural regions as proposed by Whittlesey and explain the causes for the essential difference between intensive subsistence tillage with rice dominant and without rice in the crop association.

1997: “Water is a scarce resource in plenty”. Comment and discuss its importance in the balanced habitat development. Support your answer with examples from Asia.

1998: Explain the term resource management. Discuss its relevance in the context of global resource scarcity and the future of mankind.

1998: Examine the impact of advanced agricultural technology on environment. Support your answer with examples.

1999: How far do the patterns of economic development and those of human development correspond with each other in the world? Illustrate your answer with examples.

2001: Examine the spatial patterns of development disparity prevailing in the world.

2005: Discuss Weber’s theory of industrial location ,and assess its relevance in the presentday context.

2007: Explain the concept of sustainable development and propose a model for agricultural development.

2008: Discuss the views of von Thunen on agricultural location.

2009: Discuss the consequences of Climate Change on agriculture and food security, and on the Coastal Zones of the world.

2009: Provide a geographical account of global production and distribution of food.

2010: Famine to a considerable extent, is a man made Hazard. Elaborate.

2010: Discuss the role of WTO in determining the pattern of World Trade.

2011: Mention the agriculture regions as classified by Whittlessy and discuss their relevance.

2012: Problems faced by industries which developed due to inertia.

2012: Impact of failure of Monsoon on Gujarat Agro-climate zone.

2012: Locational significance of Rotterdam European economy.

2013: Role of Venezuela in the production and export of oil.

2013: Countries most affected in case of shut-down of Nuclear power.

2013: Discuss the changing pattern of production and export of Coffee in the world.

2013: Analyze the causes for changes in the pattern of world trade.

2014: Discuss environmental and economic problems associated with coal production.

2014: “World is passing through a global resource dilemma.” Comment.

2015: “Energy mix is a step towards sustainability.” Discuss.

2016: “Linkages between resource-endowed regions and resource-utilizing regions determine the pattern of international trade.” Elaborate with suitable examples.

2017: “Whittlesey’s agricultural regions are relevant even today”. Discuss.

2017: Give an account on sustainable development and its components.

2017: “The intensity of energy crisis varies regionally”. Explain.

2018: Discuss the degree of importance of transportation costs as a factor of industrial location with respect to “footloose industries”.

2018: “Famine is a social phenomena rooted in institutional and political economic arrangements, which determine access to food by different classes and strata.” Comment.

2018: Discuss in brief the main thesis in “Limits to Growth” (1972) and also provide a critique of the same.

2019: Define stunting and wasting. Why are these more prevalent among children in developing countries.

2019: “A large-scale global shift in manufacturing is the outcome of deindustrialization in the developed world matched by industrialization in the developing world.” Analyze this statement.

2019: Globalization can often subsume folk culture. What are its positive and negative effects?

(iii) Population and Settlement Geography

1991: Trace and account for the various trends of population growth in the world during the present century.

1992: Citing suitable examples from India, explain the role of site and other physical factors in determining the types and patterns of rural settlements.

1993: Discuss the major international streams of migration in the world in recent times and account for the relationship that exists between population pressure areas and migration prospects.

1995: Examine the theories about population control and explain the relative merits of these theories in limiting population growth.

1999: Bring out the contrast between the internal structure of the pre-industrial and industrial cities.

2000: Discuss the causes and consequences of population migration.

2001: Bring out the main points of difference between the central place theories of Christaller and Losch.

2003: Examine the concept of sphere of urban influence and discuss the qualitative and quantitative methods used in its delimaitaion.

2006: In Urban geography, what are the concepts of primate city and Rank Size Rules ?

2007: Give an account of functional bases to central place hierarchy.

2007: Write a note on the parameters used to describe the demographic transitions in the developing countries like India.

2008: Discuss the social and economic theories of population growth.

2008: Describe the laws of international boundaries and frontiers.

2009: What are the causes and consequences of environmental degradation in India’s industrial areas ? Give specific examples.

2010: Identify the regions affected by Chikangunya with the help of sketched map amd bring out the regional pattern of the disease.

2011: Secondary cities in the context of urbanization in developing world.

2011: Population and Food security.

2011: Critically examine the salient feature of Central Place Theory propounded by Christaller and Losch.

2012: Relevance of distance decay principle in Indian cities. 2012: Impact of migration on urban demography.

2012: Similarties in the population distribution of southern continents and reasons for the same.

2012: Status of infant mortality rate in the world.

2012: Evaluate the various models on population density distribution in urban centres.

2012: ‘Though 70% of Indian population is rural urban planning is crucial to the development of India’. Discuss.

2012: Impact of changing fertility ratio on world population distribution.

2012: ‘Colonial forces resulted in the primate pattern of urban process in most Southeast Asian Countries.’ Discuss

2012: Regional shift in the world urbanisation after 1950 and the varied characteristic of urban process.

2013: What is Geriatrics? What are the problems associated with Geriatric population?

2014: Discuss the factors responsible for counter-urbanization

2014: “Rural sustainability is necessary for urban sustainability”. Discuss the statement in the backdrop of integrated development approach.

2014: “Indo-Gangetic hearth is considered to be one of the world’s richest cultural realms.”Examine.

2014: Explain the qualitative and quantitative methods of delineation of the sphere of urban influence.

2015: Discuss Nelson’s method of functional classification of towns.

2015: “Marx’s view on population is more humanistic.” Comment.

2015: Critically examine the theories on population migration. 2016: Discuss the major characteristics of ‘CBD’.

2016: Discuss the role of site in determining the types and patterns of rural settlements.

2016: Describe the regional pattern of Life Expectancy in the world and bring out the challenges faced by developing countries due to increasing life expectancy.

2017: Examine the causes and consequences of forced migration of population in the present context.

2017: “There are considerable demographic similarities between West European nations and Japan”. Explain.

2017: Explain the concept of social capital in relation to India. 2018: Explain the concepts of “megalopolis” and “exopolis” with regard to the growth of cities indicating whether the two can and do overlap.

2018: Citing examples from Asia and Europe, comment upon the contexts within which pronatalist population policies are advanced. What could be the implications of these policies on women’s workforce participation?

2019: Explain the relationship between net reproductive rate (NRR) and true replacement level of population.

2019: What do you mean by ‘climatic migrants’? Suggest appropriate policies and programmes for their resettlement.

2019: What changes in the current planning, management and governance of human settlements are needed to face the changing environment including climate change and disaster vulnerabilities in cities?

2019: Assess the challenges for countries with the largest shares of aged populations.

(iv) Regional Planning

1994: Oil has placed in the hands of Arab nations a tremendous geopolitical weapon with which to wield power. Comment.

1996: “Without the Mediterranean Europe could not be held, without the Middle East the Mediterranean could not be held”. Discuss.

2000: What is a region? Discuss the types of regions and methods of regionalization.

2001: Critically examine the role of growth centres and growth poles in regional development process.

2002: To what extent do the regional patterns of economics development and human development in the world correspond with each other ? Highlight situations of departure, in particular.

2004: Discuss various strategies for correcting regional imbalances.

2005: What is a region ? Discuss the methods of regionalisation.

2006: What is the concept of region ? Discuss the types of regions.

2009: Highlight the significance of environmental issues in Regional Planning.

2011: Ingredients of Sustainable Development.

2011: Enumerate alternative strategies of planning for backward regions.

2012: Salient feature of watershed planning and its advantages and disadvantages,.

2013: Misra’s theoretical stages of Rural-Urban Process.

2014: Explain the relevance of bottom-up and top-down approaches in the development of agrarian economy.

2014: Explain the necessary conditions of takeoff and subsequent stages of development of a nation as propounded by Rostow.

2015: “Development planning has a component of environmental cost.” Discuss.

2015: “Geographical traits lead to regional imbalances.” Examine.

2015: “Vital statistics are necessary ingredients for development planning.” Elaborate.

2016: Elaborate the idea of ‘Compage’.

2016: What is a ‘region’? Describe ‘Thiessen’ polygon method of regional delimitation.

2016: In what ways can geographers contribute towards optimal land use planning in a region?

2017: Examine the role of small towns in the regional development process.

2019: What are natural regions? How are they different from planning regions?

2019: “Growth is not uniform in different places.” Critically examine this statement in the context of the growth pole theory.

(v) Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography

1992: Discuss on the theories of Industrial location propounded by any two of the following:Weber: Hoover and Smith.

1993: Define umland and discuss, with specific examples, the criteria for its delimitation.

1994: Discuss Van Thunen’s model of agricultural land use and examine if the model is applicable to India.

1995: Explain and illustrate the models of internal structure of cities as proposed by Burgess and Hoyt. Mention also the limitations of these models.

1997: Critically examine Alfred Weber’s Theory of the Location of Industries.

2000: Explain the basis and applicability of Christallar’s Central place theory. Bring out the recent modification.

2003: Critically examine the stages of Economic Growth Model propounded by Rostov. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.

2004: To what extent are the Heartland and Rimland theories helpful in understanding the world political situation today ? Express your opinion clearly.

2005: Examine the Heart -Land theory , and assess its merits and demerits.

2006: Write down main agriculture types and their associated features with special reference to Whittlesey. Show these regions on the World map provided to you.

2011: Isodapne in the Theory of Industrial Location.

2011: Distinguish between boundaries and frontiers. Identify different types of boundaries.

2011: Discuss Systems Approach and its applicability in Geography.

2013: What are the basic postulates in the Central Place Model of Christaller?

2015: Discuss the relevance of Von Thunen’s model on agricultural location in the contemporary context.

2016: Explain ‘Isodapane’.

2016: Discuss the application of Gravity model in Geographical studies.

2016: Define and differentiate between boundaries and frontiers. Describe the geometrical boundaries with suitable examples.

2016: Give a critical account of Losch’s theory of central places.

2017: Write an explanatory note on geographical systems.

2017: Discuss the applicability of Christaller’s Central Place Theory.

2017: “The Heartland Theory is gaining importance once again”. Comment.

2018: Write a note on “forward and backward linkages’ in Perroux’s thesis of economic growth and regional development.

2018: Outline briefly the “age of mass consumption” as ` described by Rostow in his ‘multistage theory of growth’.

2019: Distinguish between ‘isodapanes’ and ‘isotims’. Critically examine the least cost theory of industrial location given by Alfred Weber.

2019: Examine the relevance of the ‘rimland theory’ in the contemporary world.

PAPER II GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

(i) Physical Setting

1991: Explain the origin and consequences of earthquakes in the Himalayas with special reference to the Uttarkashi earthquake 1991.

1991: Elucidate the character of the Himalayan Rivers and examine their role in the Indian plains.

1992: Explain the characteristics and productivity of the ‘Regular’ back soils of India.

1992: Major issues involved in the Sino-Indian boundary conflict. (Short notes).

1992: Discuss the major characteristics of the Indian monsoon with special emphasis on the causative factors.

1993: “India presents an example of unity in diversity”. Elucidate this statement in the context of India’s physical and human aspects.

1993: Delineate the flood-prone areas of India by drawing a sketch map in the answer book and discuss the causes and consequences of floods in the North Indian plains.

1994: Explain the drainage characteristics of Peninsular India. (Short notes).

1994: Discuss the recent theories put forward to explain the origin and mechanism of the Indian Monsoon.

1995: Explain the factors responsible for uneven distribution of rainfall in India.

1995: Draw a sketch-map in your answer-book to delineate the main physiographic regions of India and provide a reasoned account of the relief and structure of the Himalayan region.

1996: Examine the origin and characteristics of the antecedent drainage system of the Himalayas.

1996: Draw a sketch-map in your answer-book to delineate the main climatic regions of India and discuss the important climatic characteristics of each region.

1997: Discuss the origin and main geomorphic feature of Thar Desert of India. (Short notes).

1999: Explain the rise of the Himalayan ranges. (Short notes).

1999: Elucidate the mechanism of the Indian Monsoon.

2000: Describe the structure and relief feature of peninsular India.

2001: Discuss the relief features of Indian Northern Plains.

2002: Explain the Origin, Mechanism and characteristics of Summer Monsoon in India.

2003: Highlight the salient differences between the Himalayan and the Peninsular drainage Systems.

2004: Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the delimitation of climatic regions of India,especially with reference to Stamp’s climatic regionalization.

2006: Give a Critical account of the recent theories of origin of Indian monsoon with special reference of Jet Stream Theory.

2007: Explain the different views put forth about the origin of Himalayas and divide Himalayas into vertical division

2008: Distinguish between the Himalayan and the peninsular drainage systems.

2009: Distinguish between the West and East coast of India in terms of their evolution, present topography and drainage pattern.

2010: Explain Himalayan orogeny and illustrate how the process has affected the geomophic characteristics of macro division of Himalayas.

2011: Present a comparative analysis of the regimes of Himalayan and Peninsular rivers of India and eamine their implications in the irrigation system of the country.

2011: Identify the major biosphere reserves of India and discuss their role in the conservation of forest and wildlife.

2012: Explain the structure chatacteristics of the Deccan Plateau.

2012: Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the delimitation of climatic regions of India, specially with reference to stamp’s climatic regionalization

2013: Explain the topographical and structural characteristics of the Siwalik Range.

2013: Discuss the mechanism of Indian Monsoon.

2013: Identify the earthquake-prone zones and suggest strategy for their management.

2014: How is drainage pattern determined by the water divide? 2014: Why has agro and social forestry failed to achieve its objectives?

2014: Bring out the distribution of Laterite soils in India and their specific use for agriculture.

2014: Describe the salient climatological characteristics of Rayalaseema region.

2014: Differentiate between the ‘intensity’ and ‘magnitude’ of an earthquake and explain its varying impact in different parts of India.

2015: Explain the pattern of winter rainfall in India

2015: How does natural vegetation affect the formation of in situ soils.

2016: Explain the shifting of river courses and river capturing in the Himalayas.

2016: Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the delimitation of climatic regions of India especially with reference to Stamp’s climatic regionalization.

2016: Describe the distribution of black soils in India and their specific use for agriculture.

2017: Give a reasoned account of unusual pattern of distribution of monsoonal rainfall in India in 2017.

2017: Justify the inclusion of Meghalaya in Peninsular India and discuss its vegetation and soil types.

2017: Drainage pattern in Peninsular India is a result of its geological structure and topography. Elaborate.

2018: Explain the unusual intensity of dust storms and thunderstorms across India in the premonsoon period of year 2018.

2018: Distinguish the geographical aspects of North-Western lava plateau and Chotanagpur plateau of peninsular India.

2019: Why is the Indian Monsoon erratic in nature ? Explain.

2019: Discuss the rainfall pattern and correlate it with spatial distribution of natural vegetation in India.

2019: Present the salient features of West flowing rivers of India.

(ii) Resources

1992: Explain the distribution of major mineral resources of the Deccan plateau together with the extent of their exploitation.

1993: Explain the geographical factors responsible for the growth of mangrove vegetation in India and discuss its role in coastal ecology.

1993: Critically examine the marine resources of India and discuss the problems encountered in their development.

1994: Examine the forest resources of India and explain the principles of conservation which could be applied to improve the forest wealth of India.

1995: Examine the origin and characteristics of the soils of the North Indian Plain.

1995: Examine the fossil fuel resources of India with particular reference to the present and future demands for energy.

1996: Discuss the distribution and characteristics of the evergreen forest in India.

1996: Critically examine the metalliferous mineral resources of India with particular reference to their present and future demand.

1998: Examine the resources of Andaman and Nicobar Island.

1998: Bring out the present day position of exploitation and processing of nuclear minerals in India.

1998: Examine the pattern of distribution and mode of exploitation of bauxite in India.

1999: Examine the need for conservation of biotic resources in India. (Short notes).

2001: Explain the sequence of vegetation zones of the Himalayas.( short notes )

2004: Identify the important biotic-resource of India. Highlight, in brief the problems and remedial measures of biotic resource conservation in India.

2005: “ Non convention energy is the energy of the future in India.” Justify this statements.

2007: Discuss the need of conservation and utility of water resource in India.

2009: Discuss the formation and their distribution of the major soil types of India.

2010: Discuss the spatial distribution of nature vegetation in India with help of sketch map.

2010: Discuss the emerging pattern of surface water utilization in India.

2011: Give an account of potentiality and prospects of development of marine resources of India.

2012: Delineate the mineral belts of India and mention their distinctive features.

2013: Delineate the coalfields of India and mention their distinctive features.

2014: Location of thermal power plants and coal fields in India are not mutually conducive. Analyze.

2014: Suggest the measures of wild-life conservation with reference to extinction of rare species.

2015: Account for the geographical distribution of groundwater resources of India. How serious is its depletion in recent decades.

2016: Give an account of the development of renewable resources of India.

2016: Evaluate the impact of technology on resource utilization in India.

2018: Why setting up of Water Management Boards is a controversial issue in India?

2018: Keeping the recent developments in view, how can the energy crisis of India be circumvented by harnessing non-conventional energy resources?

2018: Make a critical appraisal of the factors affecting river water quality in India. (SN)

2018: Illustrate with suitable examples the endeavours undertaken in augmenting conservation of water and vegetation in India.

2019: Examine the major causes of ground water depletion in India.

2019: Discuss the problems of wildlife conservation and management in India.

(iii) Agriculture

1991: What is meant by ‘Operation Flood’? Discuss the manner of its implementation and its success in India.

1991: Discuss the role of animal husbandry in the agricultural economy of India with special reference to any one region.

1992: Explain the distribution and characteristics of dry zone agriculture.

1992: What is meant by Green Revolution? Explain its successes and failures.

1992: Discuss the role of social forestry in any one region of India.

1993: Explain the role of institutional factors in the development of agriculture in India.

1994: Differentiate between agricultural efficiency and agricultural productivity and discuss the methods used in the determination of agricultural efficiency in India.

1995: Discuss the role of infrastructural, scientific and technological developments in the recent transformation of Indian agriculture.

1996: Discuss the importance of irrigation in Indian Agriculture and describe the methods of irrigation practiced in either the Ganga Valley or the Karnataka-Maharashtra region.

1997: Examine the significance of social forestry in the rural economy of India.

1997: Discuss the impact of green revolution on the agricultural production in India.

1997: Divide Peninsular India into agricultural regions. Explain the basis of such a regionalisation.

1998: Discuss the role of institutional factors in the efficiency and productivity of agriculture in India. Discuss the cropping patters in different agricultural regions of India.

1999: Write an essay on the role of animal husbandry and household industries in the development of rural economy in India.

2000: Critically examine the role of infrastructural and institutional factors in the recent transformation of Indian agriculture.

2001: Examine the geographical basis of agro-climatic planning regions of India.

2002: Critically evaluate the dual impacts of green revolution in India.

2003: Give an account of the success and prospects of Blue Revolution with comments on its impacts on rural economy of India.

2005: Present an account of the success and constraints of White Revolution in India

2006: Discuss the problems and prosp ects of dry zone agriculture in India and highlight strategies schemes for its development.

2007: “The institutional factors have grip over the crop pattern and crop productivity on Indian agriculture.” Justify.

2008: Discuss the bases of identifying agro-climatic zones and explain the core strayegies for agricultural development

2010: Assess as to how surface water utilization affects food production and food security in the country.

2011: Discuss the potentiality and status of aquaculture in the Ganga Plain.

2012: Divide India into agriculture regions and critically examine the role of ecological and human factors responsible for transformation of agriculture economy in any one region.

2013: Explain the method of delineating crop-association regions with reference to India.

2013: Discuss the potentiality and present status of horticulture in the Western and Central Himalaya.

2013: Discuss the role of institutional factors in shaping the pattern of Indian agriculture.

2013: Define agricultural productivity. Mention the methods of its measurement and bring out the disparities in its regional distribution.

2013: Snags in the Food Security Policy of India.

2014: ‘In spite of various negative impacts of Green Revolution, there is a demand for New Green Revolution’. Elaborate.

2015: Explain how modernization of Indian agriculture is affected by unfavourable institutional factors with suitable examples.

2015: Distinguish between ‘agricultural productivity’ and ‘agricultural efficiency’, and bring out the disparity in regional distribution of agricultural efficiency.

2015: With the help of a map, indicate the principal areas of dryland farming in the country and account for farmers’ suicides mainly in those areas.

2015: Discuss the scope of replication of ‘White Revolution’ in India.

2016: Define agricultural intensity and bring out its regional distribution in India.

2016: “India has paid heavily for achievement of Green Revolution in the form of economic, social and ecological cost.” Discuss.

2017: Farmers’ suicide is one of the major agrarian problems in India. Bring out its causes and suggest the remedial measures with special preference to Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab.

2017: Land reform is a key to modern agriculture in India. Describe various measures taken in this direction after Independence.

2018: Examine the ongoing process of agricultural diversification and its implications for food security in India.

2019: Explain the significance of dry farming in drought prone areas of India.

2019: Correlate the agro-climatic zones with agro-ecological regions of India

2019: Discuss the use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides and insecticides in agriculture and its impacts on human health.

(iv) Industries

1991: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Industrial Centralisation with specific examples.

1992: Types of rural industries and their basis in Rajasthan, Gujarat region.

1993: Growth of agro-based industries in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

1993: Identify the important periods of industrialization in India and analyses the character of the two most developed industrial regions.

1994: Identification of industrially backward areas and problems in their development.

1994: Draw a sketch-map to delineate the major industrial complexes of India and discuss their important characteristics.

1995: Recent changes in India’s basic industrial policy.

1995: Examine critically the factors for the localization of iron and steel industry in India with special reference to the newer centres of steel production.

1996: Analyses the factors for the localization of either the cotton textile or the sugar industry in India and note the recent trends in the industry.

1997: Analyse the locational pattern of cement industry in India (Short notes).

1997: Critically examine the locational pattern and trend of production of forest based industries in India.

1998: Examine the importance of industrial estates in Indi 1998: Bring out the trends in the development of fertilizer industry in India.

1999: Discuss the factors for the localisation of either the cement or the cotton textile industry in India and analyse the pattern of its distribution.

2000: Discuss the growth, location and distribution of iron and steel industries in India.

2001: Describe the growth ,characteristic and distribution pattern of India’s industrial regions.

2006: Trace the evolution of industries in India and evaluate the role of multinational and liberalisation policies in this context.

2007: Bring out the impact of multinational and liberalisation on the Industrial Economy Pattern of India.

2008: Explain the factors promoting the rapid growth and development of the automobile industry in India giving suitable examples.

2009: Examine the role of raw materials in the location of the Iron and Steel Industry in India. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.

2011: Assess the scope and development of Pharmaceutical Industry in India.

2012: Describe the development of textile industries in India.

2012: Identify the spatial pattern of agro-industrial regions of India. Analyse the potentiality of Malwa as an important agro-industrial region of the future.

2013: Identify the main industrial clusters of India and account for their development.

2013: Explain the role of multinational in globalization of industries in India.

2013: Discuss the problems in realization of benefits of globalization and liberalization in industrial sector of India.

2014: Describe the problems of agro-based industries in India in general and cotton textiles in particular.

2014: What are the desired possible changes in our trade policy to promote the development of cottage industry?

2015: Why does the pharmaceutical industry concentrate largely in the western region of the country?

2015: Why is the traditional crafts industry in India on the decline?

2016: “The Bokaro Iron and Steel Plant is an example of Industrial Complex.” Explain.

2016: Analyze the location, distributional pattern and problems of cotton textile industries in India.

2016: Explain the New Industrial Policies in India.

2017: Mini steel plants can act as an instrument of decentralization of iron and steel industry in India. Explain.

2018: Startups may play important role in giving fillip to economic growth in India. Illustrate with examples.

2019: Critically analyse the role of multinational corporations in India’s economic development with suitable examples.

2019: Examine ongoing space programmes of India and their implications for national security in future.

2019: Explain the relevance of green tourism for sustainable development of mountain environment in India.

(v) Transport, Communication and Trade

1991: Analyse the role of different types of transport in the commodity flows of the Delta regions of East India.

1991: Give an account of the major groups of agro based industries of India. Critically examine their contribution to regional economy and rural employment.

1992: Discuss the basis on which the current network of Airways is built in India, highlighting its role in the overall transportation milieu.

1993: Discuss briefly the overall pattern of inter-regional trade in India.

1994: Competitive and complementary character of the Indian rail-route and road network.

1995: Role of rural market centres in promoting intra and inter-regional trade.

1996: Geographical impediments in the development of inland waterways in India.(Short notes).

1997: Discuss the nature of commodity flows in India. 1998: Evaluate the feasibility of the proposed Ganga-CauveriDrainage link.

1998: Explain the role of railways as a unifying factor in Indian economy.

1999: Critically examine the complementary and competitive character of the Indian railroutes and the road network.

2002: Discuss the oil and natural gas pipeline networks in India. Highlight their complementary role in regional development.

2003: Discuss the growing importance of ports in foreign trade of India.

2004: Give a comparative account of the development of River Water Transport in Pre-colonial and Post- independence in regional development

2005: What is the Golden Quadrilateral ? Discuss the progress made in its execution and impacts on India economy

2011: Assess the growing importance of air transport in India and examine its role in the regional development of the country.

2012: Examine the role of raod transport in regional development taking suitable examples from an area you have studies in detail.

2014: Discuss the problems and prospects of National Waterway No. 1

2015: Evaluate the contribution of Communication and Information Technology to the development of economy and society, and examine the relevance of the recently launched ‘Digital India’ programme.

2016: Bring out the development of river water transport in India and its role in regional development.

2016: Evaluate the impact of technology on resource utilization in India.

2017: Critically examine the feasibility of development of a comprehensive network of airways in India.

2017: Bring out the significance of Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).

2018: Assess the suitability of Special Economic Zone (SEZs) for the sustainable economic development in India.

2018: Account for the persisting negative trade balance of India.

2018: Give a critical account of region specific constraints of sustainable tourism in India.

2018: Explain the pipeline network across India and its impact on regional development.

2018: Discuss the changing composition of international trade through major seaports of India.

2019: Examine the development of information technology in India and its influences on work culture and society.

2019: With special referemnce to India examine the changes in the nature and patterns of international trade. Mention the major influencing factors.

(i) Cultural setting:

1991: Identify the major tribal communities in India by regions and examine the problems common to all of them and the ways of their solution.

1992: Examine critically the major factors responsible for the growth of two highest population density zones in India. Salient features of Tribal area planning.

1993: Elucidate the current population policy of India and comment on its effectiveness.

1993: Analyse the changes in the literacy rate during the post- independence period in India.

1994: Elucidate the population density types in India.

1995: Discuss the problems of tribal areas in India. (Short notes).

1995: Elucidate the measures taken to limit the growth of population in India.

1996: Name the million cities of India according to 1991 census and critically examine the factors for unprecedented growth in their population in the last 40 years.

1996: Explain the salient features of the tribal development programme with particular reference to either Dandakaranya or Chotanagpur.

1997: Examine the genesis of racial diversity in India.

1997: Critically examine the factors affecting the distributional pattern of population in India.

1998: Critically examine the problems and prospects of tribal areas in India.

1998: Discuss the role of languages in regional consciousness and national integration in India.

2000: Analyse the distribution of population in India in the perspective of nature resources and identify the over- population and under-population region in the country.

2001: Elucidate the sex and age structure of the population of India.

2002: In what way the language, religion and tradition can form the basis of cultural regionalisation of India ?

2012: Factors affecting innovation diffusion.

2012: Linguistic diversity in North-eastern states.

2012: Geographical reasons for the variation in literacy from state to state in India.

2012: Evaluate the population policy of India and examine its relevance to the nation’s population control.

2012: How are structure affects dependency ratio? Explain with suitable examples.

2013: What do you understand by ‘Young India’? How can the present state of population composition be converted into an asset for the country?

2013: Describe the impact of linguistic diversity on the development of various regions of India.

2014: Highlight the implications of declining child sex ratio in India.

2014: Discuss the trends in emigration focusing on its major thrust.

2015: “Age-sex pyramid is representative of the history of a region.” Explain.

2015: Discuss the social and spatial ramifications of increasing longevity.

2015: In population planning, the thrust of the Government has been ‘planning the population’ not ‘plan for the population’. Elaborate.

2016: Point out the ethnic disparities in the N.E. India.

2016: Discuss the factors influencing the distribution of sex ratio in India.

2017: “Linguistic diversity is an asset as well as a challenge in India”. Explain the statement focusing on the distribution of languages and the major steps taken to address the related issues.

2018: Critically assess the vanishing ethnic linguistic plurality of India.

2018: Discuss the socio-economic problems associated with the left behind families of international migrants from India.

(ii) Settlements

1991: Analyse the extent of urban population growth in India in the last four decades.

1991: Explain the basis and characteristics of Dspersed Settlements in the N.E. Region of India. Explain the hierarchical pattern of Indian cities and discuss their growth and distribution.

1992: Major characteristics of the rural urban fringe.

1993: Salient features of Tribal area planning.

1993: Elucidate the current population policy of India and comment on its effectiveness.

1993: Analyse the changes in the literacy rate during the post- independence period in India.

1994: Elucidate the population density types in India. (Short notes).

1995: Discuss the problems of tribal areas in India.

1995: Elucidate the measures taken to limit the growth of population in India.

1996: Name the million cities of India according to 1991 census and critically examine the factors for unprecedented growth in their population in the last 40 years.

1996: Explain the salient features of the tribal development programme with particular reference to either Dandakaranya or Chotanagpur.

1997: Examine the genesis of racial diversity in India.

1997: Critically examine the factors affecting the distributional pattern of population in India.

1998: Critically examine the problems and prospects of tribal areas in India.

1998: Discuss the role of languages in regional consciousness and national integration in India.

2000: Describe the salient characteristics of the morphology of Indian cities.

2004: ‘Economic characteristics of an area exert a much more direct effect upon its population patterns than do the physical characteristics’.Explain with examples.

2006: Explain the processes and patterns of regional disparities in India and suggest measures for bringing about the regional balances.

2006: Explain the morphology of Indian cities in the background of existing morphological models.

2007: “Slums are urban menace” Elucidate with Indian cities as examples.

2008: ‘Unplanned urban development has created numerous problems.’ Comment.

2009: “ There is no sharp divide where an urban settlement stopand rural area begins.” Analyse the statement with reference to the sprawl of Indian cities.

2009: How do the ‘Push’ and ‘Pull’ factors operate for the emergence of slums in the metropolises of India ?

2010: Out line the role of class I and II towns in urban process of india and indicate their contribution towards balanced urban development.

2011: Discuss the problem of environmental degradation generated by urban wastes in India.

2012: Morphological characteristics of villages situated in hilly region.

2012: Give an account of geographical conditions responsible for the development of different types of rural settlements in India.

2013: City-regions as territorial unit for regional planning and development

2013: Define slums and explain their problems.

2013: Discuss the objectives of ‘Vision 2020’ in creation of viable village complex in India for ‘Inclusive Rural Development’ programme.

2013: Describe how urbanization creates air and water pollution in India.

2014: Analyze the feasibility of ‘Smart Towns’ Development in India.

2014: Account for the multiple problems of urban agglomerations.

2014: How has an inappropriate urban land use policy accounted for undesirable development in and around metropolitan cities?

2015: “Mono-functional towns are economically vulnerable.” Discuss.

2015: Reduction in regional disparities has been one of the priority goals of national planning in India. How the proposed new Smart urban centres may contribute to the process?

2016: How do slums develop? Give concrete suggestions for their improvement.

2016: Present a comparative analysis of geographical factors responsible for distribution of human settlements in Rajasthan desert and North-Eastern regions of India.

2016: Describe the causes and effects of urbanization in India and explain its impact on rural landscape and urban ecology.

2017: Small towns in India have problems and prospects of their own. Elaborate.

2017: Mention various methods of functional classification of towns in India and explain the method applied by Asok Mitra.

2018: Explain the contemporary agricultural scenario in the context of rapid urbanization in India.

2018: Examine the driving forces of changing urban morphology of million-plus cities of India with suitable examples.

2018: Peri-urbanization has created enormous environmental problem. Discuss their causes and consequences with reference to the National Capital Region (NCR) of India.

2018: Describe the changing regional morphology of rural settlements in India.

2019: Provide a reasoned account on emerging conurbations in India and explain with suitable examples the problems associated with it.

(iii) Regional Development and Planning

1991: Discuss the changes brought about in Indian agriculture by the successive Five-Year Plans, mentioning their successes and failures.

1992: Examine critically the advantages and disadvantages of multi-level planning with special reference to India.

1993: Discuss briefly the overall pattern of inter-regional trade in India. (Short notes).

1994: Discuss the growth of regional planning in India and account for regional disparities in development.

1995: Give the hierarchy of planning regions and bring out the role of metropolitan planning in fostering regional development in India.

1996: Explain the criteria used in the identification of drought- prone areas in India.

1996: Magnitude of regional imbalances in economic development in India.

1997: Evaluate the benefits of Block Level development planning in India.

1997: Draw a sketch map of India showing major river basins. Examine the feasibility of the concept of river basins as a planning unit.

1999: Nature and utility of multi-level planning in India.

1999: Analyse the causes of regional disparities in the economic development of India and suggest measures for their removal.

2001: Provide the geographical background and characteristics of the distribution of Hill Stations of India.

2001: Explain the concept of watershed and its utility in land management.

2002: Give a reasoned account of regional disparities in economic development in India and bring out the contribution of decentralised planning in solving this problem

2003: Discuss the programmes and policy development of dry areas in India.

2003: Present an account of the experience of regional planning in India in the context of Damodar Valley.

2004: Examine the regional development policy of India in various Five Year Plans.

2005: Give an account of the distribution of flood-prone areas of controlling the impact of floods in the country.

2005: Examine the relationship between geography and regional planning

2005: Discuss the experiences of regional planning in India in the context of the National Capital.

2006: Present an account of tribals, tribal areas and their problems in India.

2008: Discuss the problems and prospects of development of catchment and command areas.

2010: What is regionalism and Discuss how regionalism affects the development process with suitable examples.

2011: Discuss the spatial pattern of intra-regional migration in India and examine its implications in regional development.

2011: Identify the ravine-affected areas in India and discuss the environmental and economic impact of their reclamation.

2012: Elucidate the role of Tribal Development Blocks in the development of Tribal areas.

2013: Planning and development of ‘Tribal Regions’ in India.

2013: Enumerate the basic indicators of development and explain their application in identification of the spatial diversity in development in India.

2014: Comment on the criteria of identifying Drought Prone Areas in India.

2014: Evaluate the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme.

2014: How can a meaningful skill development programme contribute to the economic growth of hill areas?

2014: Discuss the concept of Command Area Development and evaluate its success with reference to Indira Gandhi Canal.

2015: Discuss the relationship of watershed approach to village level planning.

2015: Decentralized planning through the strengthening of the Panchayat systems is the focus of planning in India in recent times. Suggest a blueprint for an integrated regional development plan.

2015: Is planning for a cluster of villages a viable option, when planning for backward areas of the country? Discuss with suitable examples.

2015: Discuss the concept of multi-level planning as practised in India, and explain the implications of 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in this respect.

2016: Describe the major tribal regions of India and their problems.

2016: Examine the causes of regional disparities in economic development in India.

2017: Discuss the freshwater crisis in India and prepare a blueprint for its sustainable management.

2017: “An effective three-tier Panchayat Raj System will strengthen the bottom-up approach to multilevel planning in India”. Explain.

2017: Explain the role of ‘Hill Transport Subsidy Scheme’ in reducing regional imbalances in areas identified by the Government of India.

2017: Goods and Services Tax (GST) has differential impact on developed and backward States of the country. How and why?

2017: Interlinking of rivers may serve as a major source of assured irrigation and all-weather inland navigation in India. Comment on its feasibility taking into account physical, economic and ecological implication.

2018: Examine the role of people’s participation in successful decentralized planning in India.

2019: Discuss how watershed management has become a tool in eradication of rural poverty in India.

2019: “Intra basins linkages of rivers are more feasible economically, socially and ecologically”. Discuss with Suitable example from India.

2019: Analyse the role of interstate migration in regional disparity in India.

2019: Analyse the incentive oriented programmes for removing regional imbalances in socioeconomic development of India.

(iv) Political Aspects:

1991: Discuss the political issues involved in the ‘Tin Bigha’ or Siachen dispute.

1993: Examine critically the geographical basis of the Indian federation.

1994: Problems of militancy in India’s border states.

1995: Importance of India in the geopolitics of the Indian Ocean realm. (Short notes).

1996: Geographical basis of the Indian Federation.

1997: Explain the basis and consequences of the establishment and implementation of recommendations of the State Re-organisation Commission in India since 1950s.

1998: Discuss the geopolitical importance of Indian Ocean area. (Short notes).

1999: Regional consciousness versus national integration in India. (Short notes).

2001: Discuss the geopolitical importance of India’s Land Boundaries.

2014: Discuss the implications of India’s strategic location with reference to the Indian Ocean.

2014: India is involved in a number of border disputes. Explain the reasons and remedies.

2015: How has India’s ‘Look East’ policy taken shape in the past two decades and how it may affect India’s external trade?

2015: Indian island territories are vulnerable to the sea level rise. Explain.

2015: Give a reasoned account of river water disputes related to the River Krishna.

2017: Explain the inter-State issues involved in implementation of the Satluj-Yamuna Link Canal Project.

2017: Identify the Naxal-affected areas in India and discuss their socio-economic problems.

2017: Bring out the geopolitical implications of Doklam dispute in the context of Indo-China relations.

2017: Religious minorities are largely concentrated in border States of India. Discuss its causes and consequences.

2018: Discuss the strategies of integrated development of island territories in India.

2018: Cross border terrorism has implications on border area development in India. Examine it with suitable examples.

2018: Is the land boundary of India with its neighbouring countries a cultural divide or divided culture? Explain with suitable examples.

2019: Discuss the political aspects of Himalaya. Explain how it has affected the geo-strategy, geo-politics and regional consciousness of Indian federalism.

2019: “Indian is emerging as global power in relation to Indian ocean realm.” Elaborate.

(v) Contemporary Issues:

1991: Critically examine the relationship between deforestation the last four decades. .

1994: Examine the nature and extent of environmental degradation in the Himalayas.

1994: Explain the salient features of Sardar Sarovar Project and elucidate the controversy related to its implementation.

1997: Evaluate the nature of ecological problem in India and suggest measures for measurement.

2000: Analyse the role of India in the geo-politics of the Indian Ocean region.

2001: Explain the geographical characteristics of the regional distribution of earthquakes in India.

2002: Explain the causes, impacts and remedial measures of earthquake disaster.

2003: Explain the causes of regional disparities in economic development of the India.

2004: Explain the causes,impacts and remedial measures of flood-hazards in Middle and Lower Ganga Plain.

2006: Explain the processes and patterns of regional disparities in India and suggest measures

for bringing about the regional balances.

2007: Discuss environmental problems of India in the context of rapid economic development and population growth.

2009: What are the causes and consequences of environmental degradation in India’s industrial areas ? Give specific examples.

2009: Discuss the impacts of globalization on India’s industry and agriculture sectors.

2010: Identify the regions affected by Chikangunya with the help of sketched map and bring out the regional pattern of the disease.

2010: How does formation of national park help ecological restorarion and conservation and Explain with suitable example.

2011: Analyse the causes of desertification in India. Represent the desertified areas of the country on a sketch map and suggest remedial measures to control it.

2012: Examine the origin, dimension and implications of the Sino-Indian border dispute.

2012: Examine the relevance of linkage of rivers in India with special reference of GangaCauveri linkage canal

2013: Comment on the basis of creation of new States in India in 2000.

2013: Write a note on geopolitics of the Indian Ocean realm.

2015: Outline the Government of India’s strategies of conservation of the Western Ghats.

2015: Account for the growing frequency and intensity of floods in India, and suggest shortand long-term remedial measures indicating the chronically flood-prone areas.

2015: How does climate change affect the process of desertification of India?

2016: Explain the role of India in the geo-politics of South Asia. 2016: Analyze the pattern of India’s trade with the S-E Asian countries.

2016: Explain the origin, dimension and implications of Sino- Indian border dispute.

2017: What do you understand by soil pollution? Delineate the area vulnerable to it in India and suggest remedial measures.

2017: Why has solar energy in India not been developed to desired level in spite of its high potential?

2018: Explain the changing river sources and their impacts on the riparian population in India with suitable examples.

2018: Describe the socio-spatial consequences of the recent Nipah viral encephalitis in India.

2019: Give a reasoned account of high level of pollutiona in North Indian cities as compared to south Indian cities.

2019: Describe the altitudinal and spatial geo-environmental hazards in the Himalayas.

PART B: UPSC MAP ENTRIES

[1991 - 2019]

PAPER II

Mark on the outline map of India supplied any ten of the following entries. Write brief notes not exceeding 30 words on the significant aspect of each entry: 6x10=60

1991:

1. Bhadravati 2. Chumbi Valley

3. Lakshadweep 4. Palk Strait

5. Hirakud Reservoir 6. Parasnath Hill

7. Port Blair 8. Main Boundary Fault

9. Bombay High

10. Areas receiving less than 25 cm (10") rainfall

1992 :

1. Kalpakkam 2. Shyok Valley

3. Salsett Is. 4. Adam’s Bridge

5. Farakka Barrage 6. Rajmahal Hills

7. Itanagar 8. Somnath

9. Khetri

10. Alignment of Konkan Railway under construction

1993 :

1. Pokaran 2. Banihal

3. Kolleru Lake 4. Minicoy Is.

5. Maikal Range 6. Sabarmati River

7. Nunmati 8. Bababudan Hills

9. Singrauli Coalfield 10. 35°C June Isotherm

1994 :

1. Barren Island 2. Marmagao

3. Agartala 4. Vadodara

5. Tapi 6. Rana Pratap Sagar

7. Kavaratti Island 8. Leh

9. Badrinath 10. Atomic Power Project in U.P

1996 :

1. Malwa Plateau 2. Pamban Island

3. Zaskar Range 4. The Godavari

5. Koyana Project 6. Gold mines of India

7. Ranthambore 8. Barauni

9. Nanda Devi biosphere 10. Rourkela

1995 :

1. Kolleru lake 2. Maikal range

3. Palghat 4. Darjeeling

5. Ellora 6. Rann of Kachchh

7. January Isotherm of 20°C 8. Ghaghara river

9. Bokaro 10. Corbett Park

1997 :

1. Mettur Dam 2. Kaziranga Park

3. Loktak Lake 4. Puri

5. Vindhyan Mountains 6. Mahanadi

7. Itanagar 8. Haldia

9. Sunderbans 10. Khetri copper mines

1998 :

1. Hirakud Dam 2. Konkan Coast

3. Satpura Range 4. Narmada River

5. Lava Region 6. Pradip Port

7. Visakhapatnam 8. Lucknow

9. Chilka Lake 10. Bangalore

1999 :

1. Farakka barrage 2. Kavaratti

3. Manali-Leh highway 4. Majuli riverain island

5. Rajmahal hills 6. Palghat gap

7. Chhatisgarh plain 8. Luni river

9. Karwar 10. Anadpur Sahib

2000 :

1. Cauvery 2. Narmada River

3. Chilka lake 4. Nagarjunsagar

5. Agra 6. Cochin

7. Satpura range 8. Aravalli hills

9. Bombay High 10. Kaziranga National Park

11. Kargil region 12. National Highway No. 7

2001:

1. Harishchandra range 2. Bhima River

3. Semi Arid Climatic zone 4. Manas National Park

5. Anai Mudi 6. Sambhar lake

7. Digboi oil field 8. Baghelkhand

9. National Highway No.8 10. Anjar

11 Red and Yellow soil area 12. Minicoy Island

2002:

1. Blue Mountain 2. Tawa river

3. Dallirajhara mines 4. Marmugao

5. Coimbatore 6. Kodaikanal

7. Wular lake 8. Rourkela

9. Konkan railway 10. Laterite soils

11. Gulf of Mannar 12. Rana Pratap Sagar

2003:

1. Loktak Lake 2. Elephanta Island

3. Kali Sindh River 4. Ranikhet

5. Girnar Hills 6. Always

7. Shillong Plateau 8. Kolar Gold Mines

9. Salem 10. Rohtang Pass

11. Gobind Ballabh Pant Sagar 12. New Mangalore

2004 :

1. Gulf of Kachchh 2. Indravati river

3. Mount Abu 4. Ganga river waterway from Allahabad

5. Dhauladhar 6. Kudermukh

7. Block Soils 8. Nagarajun Sagar

9. Bhuj 10 . Rajrappa fall

11. Dimapur 12. Gulmarg

2005:

1. Jawahar Lal Nehru Port 2. Chandra Bhaga River

3. Kiamur Range 4. Dhalousie

5. Ganga Sagar 6. Indira Point

7. Cardamom Hills 8. Bombay High

9. Nag Pahar 10. Gersoppa Falls

11. Pulicate Lake 12. Kakinada

2006 :

1. Malaygiri 2. Sibsagar

3. Khetri 4. Sind River

5. Kalakot 6. Nathula Pass

7. Renukoot 8. Sabarigiri

9. Surendranagar 10. New Moore Island

11. Javadi Hills 12. Kolleru Lake

2007 :

1. Najarjun Sagar 2. Dharmasala

3. Aizawl 4. Konkan Railway

5. Kovalam Beach 6. Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary

7. ICRISAT 8. Vishakhapatnam Port

9. Panna 10 . Nuclear Fule Complex

11. Gurgaon 12. Bodh Gaya

Write Brief notes (not exceeding 40 words each)

2008:

1. Butcher Island 2. Gopalpur Beach

3. Lavasa 4. Gandhisagar

5. Nam Dapha 6. Pampore

7. Mount Harrier 8. Barail Ranges

9. Palitana 10. NIO

11. Baltel 12. Pindari

2009:

Write in your answer script the significant geographical relevance or strategic importance

of these locations, whether physical/Commercial/ economic/ecological/ environmental/cultural in not more than 30 words

1. Akarimota 2. Kolleru Lake

3. Van Tivu 4. Silent valley

5. Amravati River 6. Pirotan Island

7. Mangla 8. Meghnagar

9. Shipki La 10. Bhachau

11. The home of Sunderi 12. Origin of river Narmada

13. Gokak 14. Ken river

15. Bailadila 16. Bhavani Sagar Dam

17. Kutralam Falls 18. Dalma Hills

19. Dhanjori Hills 20. Rangit river

2010 :

1. Narcondam or Narcondum 2. Kavvayi

3. Krishnapatnam 4. Shadnagar

5. Gahirmatha Beach 6. Point Calimere

7. JaitapurJaitapur 8. Parichha

9. Saltoro Kangri 10. Shencottah,

11. Banas 12. Falgu River

13. Sirpur or Sirpur Tandura 14. Sanand

15. Dras

2011 :

1. Badami 2. Mandvi

3. Dodital 4. Yanam

5. Netarhat 6. Shamsabad

7. Lakshmantirth River 8. Bara-Lacha-La

9. Kakolat Fall 10. Singrauli

11. Daria Hills 12. Tree island

2012 :

1. Manas 2. Bachau

3. Ganga river waterway from Allahabad

4. Indravati River 5. Amaravati River

6. Pir Panjal Ranges 7. Narkondam Island

8. Kharkai River 9. Kalahandi

10. Kakarapara 11. Murshidabad

12. Khetri 13. Pawapuri

14. Kolhan Highland 15. North Koel River

2013:

(1) Mishmi Hills (2) Lipulekh Pass

(3) Beas River (4) Rihand Dam

(5) Amarnath (6) Rajgir

(7) Sindri (8) National Highway No. 24

(9) Churk (10) Indira Gandhi Canal

2014 :

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following.

Write in your QCA Booklet, the significance of these locations, whether physical/ commercial/economic/ geological/environmental/ cultural, in not more than 30 words for eachentry.

Section -A.

(i) Guru Shikhar

(ii) Shravanabelagola

(iii) Ganga Sagar

(iv) Bhor Ghat

(v) Kalibangan

Section -B

(i) Mundra Port

(ii) Mahendragiri

(iii) Vembanad Lake

(iv) Chandipur

(v) Hazira

2015

Section -A

(i) Tharangambadi (ii) Namcha Barwa

(iii) Narcodam (iv) Khajjiar

(v) Chunchanakatte

2016

(a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all the following: Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/ economic / ecological / environment/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry.

(i) Pir Panjal Range (ii) River Indravati

(iii) Nathu La Pass (iv) Jog Falls

(v) Pulicat Lake (vi) Kudankulam

(vii) Nalanda (viii) Kudremukh

(ix) Headquarters of N.E.Railways (x) Farakka Barrage

2017

(i) Thumba (ii) Nayachar Island

(iii) Doddabetta (iv) Devasthal

(v) Pangong Lake (vi) Hampi

(vii) Havelock Island (viii) Luni River

(ix) Daringbadi (x) Dudhsagar Waterfalls

2018

(i) Shyok River (ii) Mawlynnong

(iii) Shravasti (iv) Kori Creek

(v) Amarkantak (vi) Ghatshila

(vii) Tawang (viii) Neyyar

(ix) Dandeli (x) Mulshi Lake

2019

Section -A

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all the following:

Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/ environment/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry.

(i) Lothal (ii) River Beas

(iii) Chikhaldara (iv) Narora

(v) Lengpui (vi) Kuldiha Wildklife Sanctuary

(vii) Thenmala (viii) Anamudi

(ix) Barren Island (x) Durgaduani Creek

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